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THE
TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-600
032
REGULATION
AND SYLLABUS
B.
PHARMACY DEGREE COURSE
2004-2005
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
2
THE
TAMILNADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI
– 600 032
B.
PHARMACY COURSE
S.No.
Description Page No.
1.
Short Title and Commencement 5
2.
Eligibility for admission 5
3.
Other Criteria 5
4.
National Open School Qualification 7
5.
Vocational Course 7
6.
Re-appearance of failed candidates 7
7.
Qualification for admission into direct II year
B.Pharmacy
course through lateral entry 7
8.
Age limit for admission 8
9.
Physical Fitness Certificate 8
10.
Eligibility Certificate 8
11.
Website as Voluntary Blood Donars 8
12.
Cut-off Date for Admission to Examination 9
13.
Registration 9
14.
Duration of the Course 9
15.
Commencement of the Course 9
16.
Curriculum 9
17.
Medium of Instruction 9
18.
Working days in the Academic Year 9
19.
Attendance required for admission to examinations 10
20.
Condonation for lack of attendance 10
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
3
S.No.
Description Page No.
21.
Internal Assessment 10
22.
Subjects of Study: 11
FIRST
B.PHARM: 24
1.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry 24
2.
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 28
3.
Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education 30
4.
Physical Pharmaceutics 32
SECOND
B.PHARM: 34
1.
Bio-Chemistry 34
2.
Advanced Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 37
3.
Pharmaceutical Analysis and Physical Chemistry 40
4.
Pharmaceutical Technology 43
5.
Pharmacy Practice and Pathophysiology 45
6.
Bio-Statistics and Computer Applications 47
THIRD
B.PHARM: 49
1.
Pharmacognosy and Phyto chemistry 49
2.
Medicinal Chemistry – I 52
3.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Cosmetic Technology 56
4.
Pharmacology – I 59
5.
Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy 62
6.
Forensic Pharmacy and Pharmacy Business Management 65
FOURTH
B.PHARM: 68
1.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 68
2.
Formulative Pharmacy and BioPharmaceutics 73
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
4
S.No.
Description Page No.
3.
Advanced Pharmacognosy 76
4.
Pharmacology – II 80
5.
Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis 83
6.
Medicinal Chemistry-II 86
23.
Commencement of Examination 12
24.
Question Pattern 12
25.
Carry over of failed subjects 14
26.
Submission of Laboratory Record Note Books 14
27.
Minimum Marks for a pass 14
28.
Exemption from the re-examination in a subject 14
29.
Revaluation / Retotalling of Answer papers 15
30.
Practical Training 16
31.
Project Work 16
32.
Duration for completion of the course of study 16
33.
Classification of successful candidates 16
34.
Re-admission after break of study 17
35.
Migration / Transfer of Candidates 17
36.
Vacation 17
37.
Award of Medals and Prizes 17
38.
Authority to Issue Transcript 18
39.
Scheme of Examinations 19
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
5
THE
TAMIL NADU Dr. M. G. R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,
CHENNAI-600
032.
REGULATIONS
OF THE UNIVERSITY
In
exercise of the powers conferred by section 44 of The Tamil Nadu Dr.
M.G.R.
Medical University, Chennai, Act, 1987 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1987),
The
Standing
Academic Board of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University,
Chennai
hereby makes the following regulations.
1.
SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT
These
regulations shall be called “THE
REGULATIONS FOR THE
B.PHARMACY
DEGREE COURSE OF THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R.
MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI”.
They
shall come into force from the Academic Year 2004-2005.
The
Regulations framed is subject to modifications from time to time by
the
Standing
Academic Board.
2.
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION :
a.)
Candidates belonging to all categories except Scheduled Castes /
Scheduled Tribes
for
admission to the B. Pharmacy course must have obtained individual
pass marks in
Physics,
Chemistry, Biology or Botany & Zoology or Mathematics both in
theory
and
practical with a minimum of 35% marks. Not less than 50% aggregate
marks in
the
above subjects is mandatory at the qualifying examination (Academic
Stream)
after
a period of 12 years of study i.e.10 + 2 pattern of education.
b.)
Candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes must have
obtained
individual
pass marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Botany & Zoology
(or)
Mathematics
both in Theory & Practical with a minimum of 35% marks and with
not
less
than 40% aggregate marks in the above subjects.
c.)
A pass in English with a minimum of 35% marks is mandatory for all
categories
for
admission to the course.
(OR)
d.)
Candidates qualified in the Diploma in Pharmacy examination conducted
by the
Board
of Examinations of the Government of Tamil Nadu or any other Board of
any
other
State recognized as equivalent thereto by the authority of this
University.
3.
OTHER CRITERIA
a.)
Wherever the State Board / Body or appropriate authority have taken
into account
only
the Plus Two level marks to determine the class of the candidate and
issue the
statement
of marks accordingly, it alone would be taken into consideration.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
6
b.)
Wherever the State Board / Body or appropriate authority have taken
into account
the
marks obtained at the Plus one and Plus two levels to determine the
class of the
candidate
the aggregate of the two examinations shall be taken into
consideration.
c.)
Candidates who have studied abroad and have passed the equivalency
qualification
as determined by the Association of Indian Universities will form the
guidelines
to determine the eligibility and must have passed in the subjects of
Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, Botany & Zoology or Mathematics in 12th
Standard
Level
with 50% marks aggregate and with pass in English language. It is
mandatory
that
the Candidate gets 35% marks in English and individual pass marks
with a
minimum
of 35% in Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Botany and Zoology or
Mathematics.
d.)
Regarding any criteria not covered under the above provisions, the
ruling of the
Eligibility
Committee / BOS-Pharmacy / SAB / GC regulations shall be adopted.
Minimum
Eligibility mark and also admission procedure for NRI Quota seats in
Self –
Financing
College. ** ( G.O.(Ms.) No.137 Health & Family Welfare
Department, dated
14.8.2006).
(1)
The marks fixed as indicated below shall be adopted as minimum
eligibility marks for
admission
to B.Pharmacy course under NRI Quota in Self-Financing Colleges.
(i)
The candidates must pass Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany and
Zoology)
and
English individually and obtain minimum of 50% of marks taken
together
in
Physics, Chemistry and Biology in the qualifying examination.
(ii)
For SC/ST students – 40% of the marks as stated above.
(2)
The following guidelines shall be followed for admission to NRI
Students in
Self
Financing Colleges:-
(i.)
Admission to the NRI seats may be made on the basis of the marks in
the
qualifying examination
(ii.)
The candidates who are seeking admission under NRI Quota are
exempted
from appearing for the Tamil Nadu Professional Courses
Entrance
Examination.
(iii.)
NRI financially supporting the candidate must be a blood relation
such
as Father / Mother / Brother / Sister / Uncle / Aunt only.
(iv.)
Applicants for admission under NRI Quota shall not have completed
21
years of age on the 1st of
July of the respective academic year.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
7
(v.)
Candidate must furnish the Xerox copies of the following supporting
documents:-
a)
NRI Status Certificate of the financial supporter issued by the
Embassy
of respective Country under their seal.
b)
NRI Bank Account Pass Book of the financial supporter.
c)
Passport of the Financial Supporter.
d)
Nativity Certificate of the Financial Supporter.
e)
Evidence of payment of Development Charges of US$ 100.
**32nd
S.A.B. dated 21.12.2006.
4.
NATIONAL OPEN SCHOOL QUALIFICATION:
Candidates
who have passed the Secondary School examination of National Open
School
with
Minimum 5 subjects with any of the following group of subjects.
a.
English, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology.
b.
English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and any other language.
(To
be read along with Qualification for Admission under Regulations)
5.
VOCATIONAL COURSE:
As
per the orders of Government issued in G.O. Ms.No.186, and Family
Welfare
Department
dated 25.03.1996, the students who have passed Vocational Higher
Secondary
Course
of Kerala are not eligible for admission to the course.
6.
RE-APPEARANCE OF FAILED CANDIDATES
Candidates
who have passed the failed subjects in the qualifying examination in
two
opportunities
from the first appearance are eligible for admission to the first B.
Pharm
Course.
7.
QUALIFICATION FOR ADMISSION INTO DIRECT II YEAR B. PHARMACY
COURSE
THROUGH LATERAL ENTRY:
a)
Should have aggregate of 50% marks in the First and Second year D.
Pharmacy
Examination
with a pass in HSC or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry and
Biology
(Botany & Zoology) or Mathematics.
OR
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
8
b)
Minimum qualifying marks in 10+2 examination as per Regulation (1a)
above with
pass
in two year D. Pharmacy course.
8.
AGE LIMIT FOR ADMISSION:
Should
have completed the age of 17 years at the time of admission or
would
complete the said age on or before 31st
December of the year of admission to the first
year
B.Pharm course.
9.
PHYSICAL FITNESS CERTIFICATE:
Every
candidate before admission to the course shall submit to the
Principal of the
Institution
a Certificate of Medical Fitness from an authorized Medical Officer
that the
candidate
is physically fit to undergo the academic course and does not suffer
from any
disability
or contagious disease.
10.
ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATE :
The
candidate who have passed any qualifying examination other than the
Higher
Secondary
Course Examination conducted by the Government of Tamil Nadu shall
obtain an
Eligibility
Certificate from the University by remitting the prescribed fees
along with the
filled
in Application Form (which can be downloaded from the University
website
(www.tnmmu.ac.in),
Mark sheet, Transfer Certificate and other relevant documents
required
by
the University before seeking admission to any one of the affiliated
Institutions.
REVISED:
The
candidates should obtain Eligibility Certificate before admission.
Due to some
unavoidable
reason; if the candidate got admission only on the last day of the
cut-off date,
then
the candidate shall directly go and join the college without
Eligibility Certificate. The
institution,
shall admit such candidates without Eligibility Certificate with a
condition that
the
Eligibility Certificate should be produced within 15 days.
The
candidates should apply to the University directly for Eligibility
Certificate and
the
institutions; need not apply on behalf of the candidate. (31st
S.A.B. date 28.07.2006).
11.
WEBITE AS VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONORS:
The
University opened a Website for Voluntary Blood Donors to motivate
some sort
of
social service among the students which will be useful, not only for
the students but also
for
general public.
Hence
every candidate should submit his / her Blood Group (Certificate from
a
competent
person), contact number, willingness to donate the blood during
emergencies in
the
prescribed proforma at the time registration which shall be made
available in the website
for
Voluntary Blood Donors.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
9
12.
CUT-OFF DATE FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATION:
The
Candidates admitted upto 30th
September shall be registered to take up their 1st
year
examination during August of the next year.
All
kinds of admissions shall be completed on or before 30th
September of the
academic
year. There shall not be any admissions after 30th
September even if seats are
vacant.
13.
REGISTRATION :
A
candidate admitted in the B. Pharmacy Degree Course in any one of the
affiliated
Institutions
of this University shall register his / her name in the prescribed
application form
for
registration duly filled along with the prescribed fee and a
declaration in the format, (as
in
Annexure) to the Academic Officer of this University through the
affiliated Institution
within
60 days from the Cut-off date prescribed for B. Pharmacy Degree
course for
admission.
14.
DURATION OF THE COURSE :
4
(four) academic years (Non-Semester).
15.
COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE :
From
1st August of the academic
year.
16.
CURRICULUM :
The
Curriculum and the syllabi for the course shall be as prescribed by
the University
from
time to time.
17.
MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION :
English
shall be the medium of instruction for all the subjects of study for
examinations
of the B. Pharmacy Degree course.
18.
WORKING DAYS IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR :
1.
Each academic year shall consist of not less than 200 working days.
2.
From the academic year 2005-2006 onwards each academic year shall
consist
of
not less than 240 working days.
***
(XXIX SAB dated 05-08-05).
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
10
19.
ATTENDANCE REQUIRED FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATIONS :
a.
No candidate shall be permitted to appear in any one of the part of
B.Pharm
Examinations,
unless he / she has attended the course in the subject for the
prescribed
period
in an affiliated Institution recognized by this University and
produces the
necessary
certificate of study attendance, satisfactory conduct and progress
from the
Head
of the institution.
b.
A candidate is required to put in a minimum of 75% of attendance in
both theory and
practical
separately in each subject before admission to the examination for
all the
years
of study in B. Pharmacy degree course of this University.
c.
A candidate lacking in the prescribed attendance and progress in any
one subject in
theory
and practical shall not be permitted for admission to the entire
examination in
the
first appearance.
20.
CONDONATION FOR LACK OF ATTENDANCE:
There
shall be no condonation of lack of attendance.
21.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:
(1)
The following procedure shall be adopted for the candidates
admitted
during the academic year 2004-05:
A
minimum of four written examinations shall be conducted in each
subject during an
academic
year and the average marks of three best performances shall be taken
into consideration
for
award of sessional marks.
A
minimum of three practical examinations shall be conducted in each
subject during an
academic
year and an average of two best performances shall be taken into
consideration for
award
of sessional marks.
A
failed candidate in any subject should be provided an opportunity to
improve
his
sessional marks by conducting a minimum of two examinations in theory
and practical
separately
and the average may be considered for improvement.
The
Internal Assessment marks (both in written and practical taken
together) should be
submitted
to the University endorsed by the Head of the Institution 15 days
prior to the
commencement
of the theory Examinations.
A
Candidate to be eligible for appearing to the University examination
should have
appeared
for the internal assessment examination conducted by the institution
and secure a
minimum
of 35% of marks in internal assessment (From Aug’06 University
exam onwards).
(2)
The following procedure shall come into force for all the years of
the B. Pharmacy
course
with effect from August 2006 Examinations onwards:
**
The Standing Academic Board in its XXX Meeting held on 28-12-2005
resolved
to follow the uniform date for submission of internal assessment
Marks for B. Pharmacy
Course.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
11
For
the subjects of one year duration:
The
internal assessment marks should be submitted at the end of January,
April & June for
60
marks and the aggregate of Final Internal Assessment Marks on or
before 10th July.
The
aggregate of Final Internal Assessment Marks submitted on or before
10th July / 10th
January
as per scheme of examination shall be taken by the University as
Internal Assessment
Marks
and minimum of 35% marks is mandatory for permitting the candidates
to sit for the
University
examinations.
The
above modification shall take effect from August 2006 examinations
onwards.
22.
SUBJECTS OF
STUDY:
FIRST
B. PHARM:
1.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
2.
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
3.
Anatomy, Physiology & Health Education
4.
Physical Pharmaceutics
***
S.A.B. Meeting held on 28-12-2005
From
the Academic year 2006-07, the subject Biochemistry shall be included
in the
First
year B. Pharmacy Course and the subject. Physical Pharmaceutics in
the second year
B.Pharmacy
course. There will not be any change in the Syllabus for the above
two subjects.
Those
First B. Pharmacy Students who have passed the subject Physical
Pharmaceutics
during 2005-06 will be exempted from the subject Physical
Pharmaceutics
and
instead will have to study the subject Biochemistry in the Second
year.
SECOND
B. PHARM
1.
Bio- Chemistry
2.
Advanced Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
3.
Pharmaceutical Analysis and Physical Chemistry
4.
Pharmaceutical Technology
5.
Pharmacy Practice and Pathophysiology
6.
Bio-statistics and Computer Applications
**
XXX S.A.B. Meeting held on 28-12-2005
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
12
Lateral
Entry direct Second Year B. Pharmacy students admitted during
2006-2007
should
take up the subject Physical Pharmaceutics in the Second Year B.
Pharmacy and they
will
be exempted from the subject Bio-Chemistry.
THIRD
B. PHARM
1.
Pharmacognosy and Phyto Chemistry
2.
Medical Chemistry –I
3.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Cosmetic Technology
4.
Pharmacology-I
5.
Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy
6.
Forensic Pharmacy and Pharmacy Business Management
FOURTH
B. PHARM
1.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
2.
Formulative Pharmacy and Bio-Pharmaceutics
3.
Advanced Pharmacognosy
4.
Pharmacology-II
5.
Medical Chemistry-II
6.
Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The
Internal Assessment should consist of the following points of
evaluation:-
Theory
Practical
/ Clinical
Viva
Voce
23.
COMMENCEMENT OF EXAMINATION:-
Regular
Examinations will commence from 1st
August and supplementary
Examinations
will commence from 1st February.
If
the date of commencement of the examination falls on Saturday, Sunday
or
declared
Public Holidays, the examination shall begin on the next working day.
24.
QUESTION PATTERN :-
FOR
90 MARKS MARKS TIME
20
MCQs 20 X 1 = 20 Marks 20 mts
4
Short Notes 4 X 5 = 20 Marks
2
Essay Questions 2 X 15 = 30 Marks 2.40 hrs
1
Essay Question 1 X 20 = 20 Marks
--------------
--------------
90
Marks 3 Hrs
--------------
--------------
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
13
Theory
- 90 Marks
Internal
Assessment (Theory) - 30 Marks
Viva
Voce - 30 Marks
Practical
- 70 Marks
Internal
Assessment +
Record - 20 + 10 =
30 Marks
Question
Paper Pattern for i.) Biostatistics and Computer Applications (PGL –
III),
ii.) Pharmaceutical Analysis and Physical Chemistry (PC – III),
iii.) Pharmacy
Practice
and Pathophysiology (P-III) & iv.) Forensic Pharmacy and Pharmacy
Business
Management
(PGL – IV):
Biostatistics
and Computer Applications paper one divided as Part I and Part II
each
carrying
45 Marks.
One
Essay Question (Out of 2) - 15 Marks
Short
Questions (4 x 5) - 20 Marks ( 3 Short Notes for Biostatistics and
Computer
Application (PGL IV) paper only)
MCQ
(10 x 1) - 10 Marks
QUESTION
PAPER PATTERN FOR ALL THE UNDER GRADUATE COURSES*
20
(Twenty ) MCQs (20 x 1) = 20 Marks
2
(Two) Essays of 15 Marks each (2 x 15) = 30 Marks
10
(Ten) Short Notes (10 x 5) = 50 Marks
--------------
Total
= 100 Marks
-------------
Examination
from August 2007 onwards.
Note:
The
long essay question for 20 marks shall be one single question or it
shall consist
of
two sections A & B.
The
other papers are having 90 marks, 80 marks, 75 Marks, 45 Marks, 40
Marks
etc,
the question paper pattern and marks shall be distributed
proportionately.
The
above modification shall take effect from August 2006 examinations
onwards.
*
XXXII S.A.B. Meeting held on 21.12.2006.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
14
25.
CARRY OVER OF FAILED SUBJECTS:
a)
A Candidate is permitted to carry over 2 first year subjects to the
second year, but should
have
passed all the first year subjects before admission to the third
year.
b)
The Candidate is permitted to carry over 2 second year subjects to
third year, but should
have
passed the second year subjects before admission to the fourth year.
c)
The candidate is permitted to carry over 2 failed subjects in third
year and appear along
with
the final year examination. A subject means theory, practical and
oral taken together.
d)
Lateral Entry Candidates.
The
Provisions to carry Mathematics to the Third B. Pharmacy Course has
been
extended
to all the students including those admitted in the first B. Pharmacy
course along
with
lateral entry student. The above modifications shall be effective
only for the candidates
admitted
on /before 2003-04, and for 2004-05 lateral entry students.
**
* XXX S.A.B. Meeting held on 28-12-2005.
26.
SUBMISSION OF LABORATORY RECORD NOTE BOOKS :
At
the time of practical examination, each candidate shall submit to the
Examiners his/ her
laboratory
note books duly certified by the Head of the Department as a bonafide
record of the
work
done by the candidate.
The
practical record shall be evaluated by the concerned Head of the
Department (Internal
Evaluator)
and the practical record marks shall be submitted to the University
15 days prior to the
commencement
of the theory Examinations.
In
respect of failed candidates the marks awarded for record at previous
examination will be
carried
over for the subsequent examination of the candidates shall have the
option to improve his
performance
by submission of fresh records.
27.
MINIMUM MARKS FOR A PASS
50%
of marks in the University Theory examination.
50%
of marks in the University Practical examination.
50%
of marks in aggregate in Theory, Practical I.A. & Oral.
28.
EXEMPTION FROM THE RE-EXAMINATION IN A SUBJECT:-
a)
Candidates who have failed in the examination but obtained pass marks
in any
subject
shall be exempted from reappearing in that subject.
b)
Failed candidates who are not permitted to the next phase of study
are also required
to
put in a minimum of 75% attendance during the calendar period of
study before
appearing
for next examination.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
15
c)
Failed candidates will not be permitted to appear for examination if
he/she failed in
the
said subjects for more than four chances (actual appearance in the
examination)
provided
the four chances are completed within three years from the date of
final
appearance.
He/she will have to appear for the whole course of study in the
prevailing
regulations
of this university if he /she desire to continue his studies.
29.
REVALUATION / RETOTALLING OF ANSWER PAPERS
There
is no provision for revaluation of the answer papers of failed
candidates in any
examination.
However, the failed candidates can apply for retotalling.
REVISED:
Reintroduction
of Revaluation of answer papers for all U.G. Courses from February
2007
examination session onwards with the following guidelines:
a)
The application for revaluation should reach the University, within
15 days
from
the date of receipt of the statement of marks by the colleges.
b)
The revaluation of answer papers is not permissible, for failure in
practical /
clinicals.
c)
The revaluation of papers is not permissible, if the candidates have
failed in
more
than one subject.
d)
The revaluation is allowed only if the failure leads to break of
semester / year.
e)
Notwithstanding anything contained in guidelines.
f)
The revaluation is allowed in the case of candidates, who fail in
final year.
g)
The revaluation is not permissible if the candidates have failed in
any subject
in
the previous semesters / years.
h)
A Demand Draft of Rs.1,000/- has to be sent in favour of the
Registrar, The
Tamilnadu
Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, as fee for revaluation.
i)
The fee once paid will not be refunded. Hence, any application in
this regard
should
be sent only after careful scrutiny.
j)
The application should be sent to the University through the Dean /
Principal
of
College only. Application submitted directly to the University by the
students
will summarily be rejected.
k)
The application should be sent only in the prescribed format (which
can be
downloaded
from the University Website (www.tnmmu.ac.in
under the
columns
forms).
(Special
S.A.B. dated 19.04.2007 and approved by 164th
G.C. dated
24.04.2007).
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
16
30.
PRACTICAL TRAINING:
A
practical training of 3 months at the end of third academic year in
Dispensing
Hospital
Pharmacy or a Pharmaceutical Industry should be encouraged, which is
optional.
31.
PROJECT WORK
All
the students must submit a short report on a project study undertaken
in any of the
following
subjects:-
a)
Pharmaceutics
b)
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
c)
Pharmacognosy
d)
Pharmacology
The
Project shall be carried out under the guidance of a teacher in the
College.
The
project may be carried out either individually or in groups not
exceeding 5 in number.
The
project report shall be submitted in triplicate (typed copy not
exceeding 25 pages).
The
project will be evaluated by the examiner at the time of the
Practical examination (Final
year)
appointed by the University.
The
Projects shall be evaluated by qualitative grading as Excellent /
Good / Average.
The
evaluation of the project report shall not be considered for the
purpose of pass/class/rank, but
the
grading shall be included in the Mark Sheet of the Final B.Pharm
Course.
32.
DURATION FOR COMPLETION OF THE COURSE OF STUDY
The
duration for the completion of the course shall be fixed as double
the actual
duration
of the course and the students have to pass within the said period,
otherwise they
have
to get fresh Registration.
33.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES
The
candidate should have appeared for theory practical and Oral
examinations for
securing
a pass in a subject.
Distinction
to the candidates who secure 75% marks will be awarded.
(31st
Meeting of the S.A.B.)
REVISED:
The
name of FIRST TEN University rank holders in each batch of candidates
who
have
passed all the subjects from first year to final year in the first
attempt and completed the
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
17
course,
taking their cumulative aggregate into consideration, the rank list
will be published in
the
University Website and the Rank Certificates will be issued to the
candidates.
It
was implemented for the batch of students of all the courses
appearing for final
examination
in August 2007 onwards. (32nd
S.A.B. dated 21.12.2006).
34.
RE-ADMISSION AFTER BREAK OF STUDY:
As
per the University common Regulations for Re-admission after break of
study for
all
courses. (As approved by the Standing Academic Board in its XXVI
Meeting held on 16-
12-03).
35.
MIGRATION/TRANSFER OF CANDIDATES
Migration/Transfer
of candidates from one recognized institution to another recognized
institution
of this University shall be granted on the following conditions:-
a)
All migrations/transfers are subject to the approval of the
Vice-Chancellor.
b)
Transfer shall be effected only at the beginning of the academic
year.
c)
The transfer application should be sent through proper channel to the
Academic Officer
within
three months of publications of the results or admission to the
course.
d)
Transfers shall be effected during any year of study after
fulfillment of the regulations
of
this university.
e)
The Vice-Chancellor has been empowered to decide and issue transfer
from one
college
to another college, subject to verification of the vacancy position
available in the
college
without contravention to the statutory rules of the Central Council
and such transfers
permitted
by the University be placed in the Governing Council for information.
f)
The provision of combination of attendance shall be granted to the
transfers for
admission
to the examination of the University on satisfactory fulfilment of
the regulations of
this
University.
36.
VACATION:
6
Weeks in an Academic year.
37.
AWARD OF MEDALS AND PRIZES:
The
University shall award at its Convocation, medals and prizes to
outstanding candidates
as
and when instituted by the donors as per the schedule prescribed for
the award.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
18
38.
AUTHORITY TO ISSUE TRANSCRIPT:
The
controller of Examinations shall be the Authority for issuing
Transcript of marks after
remitting
the prescribed fee of Rs. 1,000/- (Rupees One thousand only) or as
may be prescribed
from
time to time.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
19
39.
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION (2004-05 Batch regulation):
THEORY
Scheme
of Examination
Sl.no.
Sub SUBJECT Year Course
---------------------------------------------------------
Code
of of study / Duration Uty I.A Viva-voce Total
Study
week Marks
----------------------
1.
PCI Pharmaceutical Inorganic I B.Pharm 4 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Chemistry
2.
PCII Pharmaceutical Organic I B. Pharm 4 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Chemistry
3.
PGL-I Anatomy, Physiology & I B. Pharm 4 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Health
Education
4.
P-1 Physical Pharmaceutics I B.Pharm 4 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
5.
PGL-II Biochemistry II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
6.
PC-III Pharmaceutical Analysis II B. Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
and
Physical chemistry
7.
PC-IV Advanced Pharmaceutical II B. Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Organic
Chemistry
8.
P-II Pharmaceutical Technology II B.Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 75 25 - 100
9.
P-III Pharmacy Practice & II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Pathophysiology
10.
PGL-III Biostatistics and II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Computer
Applications
11.
PCOG-I Pharmacognosy and III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Phytochemistry
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
20
12.
PC-V Medicinal Chemistry-1 III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
13.
P-IV Pharmaceutical Dosage III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Forms
and Cosmetic
Technology
14.
PT-1 Pharmacology -1 III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
15.
P-V Hospital and Clinical III B.Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 75 25 - 100
Pharmacy
16.
PGL-IV Forensic Pharmacy and
Pharmacy
business III B.Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 80 20 - 100
Management
(*)
17.
P-VI Pharmaceutical IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Bio
technology
18.
P-VII Formulative Pharmacy IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
and
Biopharmaceutics
19.
PCOG-II Advanced Pharmacognosy IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
20.
PT-2 Pharmacology –II IV B. Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
21.
PC-VI Modern Methods of IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 3 Hrs 90 30 30 150
Pharmaceutical
Analysis
22.
PC-VII Medicinal Chemistry –II IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs 3 Hrs 90 30 30
150
Note:
(*) For students
admitted in 2006-07 batch, refer Section 20 for details
******
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
21
SCHEME
OF EXAMINATION (2004-05 Batch regulation):
PRACTICAL
Scheme
of Examination
Sl.no.
Sub SUBJECT Year Course
---------------------------------------------------------
Code
of of study / Duration Uty I.A Record Total
Study
week Marks
----------------------
1.
PCI Pharmaceutical Inorganic I B.Pharm 4 Hrs. 4 Hrs 70 20 10 100
Chemistry
2.
PCII Pharmaceutical Organic I B. Pharm 4 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Chemistry
3.
PGL-I Anatomy, Physiology & I B. Pharm 4 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Health
Education
4.
P-1 Physical Pharmaceutics I B. Pharm 4 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
5.
PGL-II Biochemistry II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
6.
PC-III Pharmaceutical Analysis II B. Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
and
Physical chemistry
7.
PC-IV Advanced Pharmaceutical II B. Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Organic
Chemistry
8.
P-II Pharmaceutical Technology II B.Pharm - - - - - -
9.
P-III Pharmacy Practice & II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Pathophysiology
10.
PGL-III Biostatistics and II B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Computer
Applications
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
22
11.
PCOG-I Pharmacognosy and III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Phytochemistry
12.
PC-V Medicinal Chemistry-1 III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
13.
P-IV Pharmaceutical Dosage III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Forms
and Cosmetic
Technology
14.
PT-1 Pharmacology -1 III B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
15.
P-V Hospital and Clinical III B.Pharm - - - - - -
Pharmacy
16.
PGL-IV Forensic Pharmacy and
Pharmacy
business III B.Pharm - - - - - - -
Management
17.
P-VI Pharmaceutical IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs 4 Hrs 70 20 10 100
Bio
technology
18.
P-VII Formulative Pharmacy IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs 70 20 10 100
and
Biopharmaceutics
19.
PCOG-II Advanced Pharmacognosy IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
20.
PT-2 Pharmacology –II IV B. Pharm 3 Hrs 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
21.
PC-VI Modern Methods of IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs. 4 Hrs. 70 20 10 100
Pharmaceutical
Analysis
22.
PC-VII Medicinal Chemistry –II IV B.Pharm 3 Hrs 4 Hrs. 70 20 10
100
******
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
23
ANNEXURE
– 1
DECLARATION
I……………………………………………….……………………………………..…………
son
/ daughter of …………….…………………………………………...……………………………
residing
at ……………………………………………….………………………………….………...
and
admitted to I year of ………………………………………………………...........
(Name of the
course
U.G./P.G.) at ………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
(Name
of the college) do hereby solemnly affirm and sincerely state as
follows:
I
declare that I shall abide by the rules and regulations prescribed by
The Tamil Nadu
Dr.
M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai for the
…………………………..……………(course)
including
regulations for re-admission after the break of study.
Date:
Signature of candidate.
/Counter
signed/
Dean
/ Principal / Director
(Office
date seal)
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
24
FIRST
B. PHARMACY
1.1
PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
THEORY
1.
Introduction:
Learning symbols and
valency of elements. Writing molecular formula, balancing
equation,
Pharmacopoeia and monograph. Development of periodic table on the
modern concept of
atomic
structure and its importance.
2.
Quality control
and test for purity: Sources
of impurities in Pharmaceutical substances.
Limit
tests: Definition,
importance, general procedure for limit test for chlorides,
sulphates, iron,
arsenic,
heavy metals, lead and modifications with suitable examples.
3.
Radiopharmaceuticals
and contrast media: Nuclear
reactions, nomenclature, units and
measurement
of radioactivity, clinical applications and dosage, hazards and
precautions, radio
pharmaceutical
preparations and standards of radioactive material iodine–131(I131),
Cobalt 58. Radio
opaque
contrast medium-barium sulphate.
4.
Method of preparation, assay, identification test, test for purity,
official preparation, storage
conditions
and uses of inorganic compounds listed in I.P belonging to the
following categories.
a.
Gastrointestinal
agents and related compounds
i.
Acidifiers:
Dilute hydrochloric
acid, Sodium phosphate, Ammonium chloride.
ii.
Antacids:
Classification,
Qualities of an ideal antacid, side effects, advantages,
combination
therapy, acid neutralizing capacity, sodium bicarbonate, Potassium
citrate,
Aluminium
hydroxide gel, Dried aluminium hydroxide gel, Aluminium phosphate,
Magnesium
hydroxide, Light and heavy magnesium trisilicate, light and heavy
magnesium
carbonate,
Calcium carbonate, Dimethicone, Magaldrate, Bismuth carbonate.
iii.
Adsorbents and
protectives: Light
Kaolin, Heavy kaolin, Activated charcoal Bismuth
subcarbonate.
iv.
Saline
cathartics: Magnesium
hydroxide, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium carbonate and
Sodium
phosphate.
b.
Topical Agents
i.Protectives:
Talc, Zinc Oxide,
Calamine, Zinc Stearate, Titanium Dioxide, Kaolin, Silicon
Polymers
and Dimethicone.
ii.
Astringents: Alum,
Zinc Sulphate and Zinc chloride.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
25
iii.
Anti-microbials: Hydrogen
Peroxide, Potassium Permanganate, Chlorinated Lime, Iodine,
Boric
Acid, Silver Nitrate, Sodium Stilbogluconate, Povidone-Iodine,
Selenium Sulphide
and
Zinc Undecenoate.
c.
Dental products
i.
Anti-caries
Agents: Role of
Fluorides as anti-caries agents, Sodium fluoride.
ii.
Dentifrices:
Calcium carbonate,
Dibasic calcium phosphate, Strontium chloride, Zinc
chloride.
d.
Major intra and
extra cellular electrolytes:
i.
Physiological role of Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium,
Potassium, Calcium and
Magnesium.
ii.
Electrolytes
used for replacement therapy:
Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride,
Calcium
chloride, Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Dibasic calcium
phosphate, Tribasic
calcium
phosphate.
iii.
Physiological acid-base balance and its importance.
iv.
Electrolytes
used in the acid-base therapy:
Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium
bicarbonate,
Potassium bicarbonate, Sodium citrate, Potassium citrate, Sodium
lactate,
Ammonium
chloride. Electrolyte combination therapy, Compound sodium chloride
solution,
Sodium chloride injection and Oral rehydration salt.
e.
Gases: Oxygen,
Carbon dioxide, Helium, Nitrogen and Nitrous Oxide.
f.
Essential and
Trace ions: Definition,
Physiological role of Iron, Copper, Zinc, Chromium,
Manganese,
Molybdenum, Selenium, Sulphur and Iodine. Ferrous fumarate, Ferrous
gluconate,
Ferrous
sulphate, Iron, Ammonium citrate, Zinc chloride and Potassium iodide.
Official
formulation: Iron
dextran injection, Strong iodine solution.
g.
Pharmaceutical
Aids: Sodium
bisulphate, Sodium metabisulphate, Sulphurdioxide, Bentonite,
Magnesium
stearate, Zinc stearate, Aluminium sulphate, Sodium benzoate, Sodium
carboxy methyl
cellulose,
Sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate, Sodium methylparaben, Sodium lauryl
sulphate,
Purified
water, Water for injection, Sterile water for injection and Zinc
chloride.
h.
Miscellaneous:
i.
Sclerosing
agents: Hypertonic
saline, Sodium tetra decyl sulphate.
ii.
Expectorants:
Ammonium chloride,
Potassium iodide.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
26
iii.
Sedative:
Potassium bromide.
iv.
Antidotes:
Sodium nitrite,
Sodium thiosulphate, Charcoal.
v.
Respiratory
stimulant: Ammonium
carbonate.
5.
Theory of co-ordination compounds with special reference to
application in Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical
analysis:
EDTA,
Dimercaprol, Penicillamine, 1, 10-Phenanthroline
6.
A study of preparation and specific uses of the following reagents in
organic synthesis:
Aluminium
isopropoxide, Aluminium tertiary butoxide, N-bromo succinimide,
Sodium
azide,
Lithium aluminium hydride, Diazomethane, Periodic acid,
Polyphosphoric acid, Sodmide,
Sodium
borohydride, Ozone, Thionyl chloride.
PRACTICALS
I.
Preparation of the following inorganic pharmaceuticals and their
identification tests and other
tests
given in I.P.
a.
Aluminium hydroxide b. Zinc oxide c. Barium sulphate
d.
Calcium carbonate e. Potassium citrate f. Boric acid
g.
Magnesium sulphate h. Ferrous sulphate.
II.
Test for purity for the following:
a.
Swelling property of bentonite.
b.
Acid neutralizing capacity of aluminium hydroxide gel.
c.
Ammonium salts in potash alum.
d.
Adsorption power in heavy kaolin.
e.
Presence of iodates in potassium iodide.
f.
Ferric ion and reducing sugars in ferrous gluconate.
III.
Limit test for
chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals, arsenic and modified
procedure for limit
test
for chloride, sulphate on potassium permanganate, sodium bicarbonate,
sodium benzoate and
sodium
salicylate.
IV.
Systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixtures upto two acid
radicals and two basic
radicals.
REFERENCES
1.
Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
2.
Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by J.H. Block,
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
27
E.B.
Roche, T.O.Soine and C.O.Wilson.
3.
Roger’s Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry by T.O.Soine and
C.O.Wilson.
4.
Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry by A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake
Vol. I.
5.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry by M.L. Schroff.
6.
Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996.
7.
Organic Chemistry Reactions and Reagents by O.P. Agarwal.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
28
1.2
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
THEORY
1.
Structure and
Properties
Molecular
Orbital theory, wave equations, molecular orbitals, bonding,
anti-bonding orbitals,
unshared
pair of electrons and hybrid orbitals. Intra-molecular and
inter-molecular forces, their
effect
on solubility, boiling point, melting point, covalent bond, polarity
of bond, polarity of
molecule,
Dipole moment, bond dissociation energy, energy of activation,
solubility of ionic solutes
and
non ionic solutes. Inductive effect, Electromeric effect, Mesomeric
effect, Resonance effect,
Resonance,
Tautomerism, Conjugation, Hyper conjugation, Types of bond fission,
Electrophiles and
Nucleophiles.
IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
2.
Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes and
dienes
with special emphasis on the following: Mechanism of halogenation of
alkanes,
thermodynamics
and kinetics of the reactions of methane with a halogen, Saytzeff’s
rule, free radical
and
electrophilic addition on C=C bond, Markownikoff’s rule,
peroxide effect, Ozonolysis, Bayer’s
Strain
theory, Coulson and Moffitt’s modification, mechanism of Diel’s
– Alder reaction and
Addition
reaction of conjugated dienes.
3.
Benzene kekule structure, Heat of hydrogenation and stability, C-C
bond length in benzene,
Resonance
structure of benzene, orbital picture, aromatic character, Huckel’s
rule, Mechanism of
electrophilic
and nucleophilic aromatic substitution, theory of effect of
substituent on reactivity and
orientation.
Preparation and properties of poly aromatic compounds, naphthalene,
anthracene,
phenanthrene,
diphenyl methane, triphenyl methane and diphenyl ethane. Preparation
test for purity
and
medicinal uses of Dicophane, Gammaxene, Saccharin, Chloramine,
Chloramine-T, Salicylic
acid,
Methyl salicylate, Aspirin, Phenindione, Ethyl biscoumacetate,
Hexamine, Vanillin, EDTA,
Urethane,
Carbromal, Amphetamine and Acetanilide.
4.
General structure, nomenclature, preparation and reaction mechanism
of alkyl and aryl halides
(Mechanism
of SN1, SN2,
E1 and E2),
alcohols, ethers, epoxides, amines (basicity of amines,
influence
of substitutent on basic property), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids and functional
derivatives
of carboxylic acids. Preparation, test for purity and medicinal uses
of Chloroform,
Iodoform,
Mephenesin, Glyceryl trinitrate, Propylene, Citric acid, Lactic acid,
Benzoic acid, Sodium
lauryl
sulphate, Glycol, Benzoic acid and Benzyl benzoate.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
29
a.
Reactive
intermediates:
Carbocations, Carbanions, Carbenes, Free radicals, generation and
relative
stability, fate and applications.
b.
Properties of Alpha (á)
and Beta (â)
unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
c.
Preparation and synthetic utility of Aceto-acetic ester, Malonic
ester, Grignard reagent and
Diazonium
salts.
PRACTICALS
1.
Systematic qualitative analysis of organic compounds including
preparation of derivative
(not
less than 16 compounds with different functional groups).
2.
Preparation of organic drugs or intermediate involving one-step
reaction (at least 16
compounds).
3.
Determination of melting point and boiling point of organic compounds
including mixed
melting
point technology.
4.
Introduction to the use of stereo models
a)
Methane b) Ethane c) Acetylene d) Ketone e) Benzene
(Students
may be asked to prepare the ball and stick stereo molecules by using
china clay and plastic
sticks
individually and they have to explain the formation of bonds, bond
angles, bond lengths, etc.)
REFERENCES
1.
Organic Chemistry by R.L. Morrison and R.N. Boyd.
2.
Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar Vol. I and II.
3.
Organic Chemistry by P.L. Soni.
4.
Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl.
5.
Reaction and reagents by O.P. Agarwal.
6.
Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
7.
Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P.) ’96.
8.
Vogel’s Practical Organic Chemistry.
9.
Stereo Chemistry of Organic Compounds by E.I. Elliel.
10.
Advanced Organic Chemistry by Arun Bahl.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
30
1.3
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HEALTH EDUCATION
THEORY
1.
Scope of Anatomy, Physiology and basic terminology.
2.
Structure and
functions of cell:
Ion channels, signal transduction, second messengers,
electrophysiology
of muscles, cell stimulation and neuronal functions.
3.
Tissues:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissues, their types and
characteristics.
4.
Bones and
Joints: Structure
and function of skeleton, types of joints and their disorders.
5.
Blood and Lymph:
Composition and
functions of blood including their disorders. Blood
grouping
and its significance, mechanism of coagulation, bleeding and clotting
disorders.
Formation
of lymph and its composition. Reticulo-endothelial system and its
function.
6.
Cardiovascular
system: Anatomy and
physiology of heart, blood circulation, cardiac cycle,
heart
rate, blood pressure, ECG and heart sounds.
7.
Digestive
system: Gross
anatomy of the G.I.T. and its physiology with special reference to
liver,
pancreas and stomach. Digestion, absorption, movements of intestine
and disorders of
digestive
system.
8.
Respiratory
system: Anatomy of
respiratory tract, Mechanism of respiration, Lung
volumes,
Transport of oxygen and carbondioxide. Disorders like Cyanosis,
Mountain
sickness
and Caisson’s disease.
9.
Urinary System:
Structure and
functions of Kidney and Urinary Tract. Physiology of urine
formation
and acid base balance.
10.
Reproductive
system: Structure
and function of Male and Female reproductive systems, Sex
hormones,
physiology of menstruation, coitus and fertilization. Spermatogenesis
and
Oogenesis,
Pregnancy and parturition.
11.
Basic anatomy and physiology of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid,
Adrenal and Pancreatic
hormones
and disorders of these glands.
12.
Central Nervous
System: Structure
and function of brain and spinal cord. Functions of
cerebrum,
cerebellum. Vital centers of medulla oblongata, cerebral ventricles,
cranial nerves
and
their functions.
13.
Autonomic
Nervous System: Anatomy,
Physiology and Divisions of ANS. Motor and
sensory
pathways.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
31
14.
Sense organs:
Physiology of
vision, audition, olfaction, taste and skin.
15.
Health
education: Concepts
of health and disease. Disease causing agents and prevention of
disease.
16.
Nutrition:
Balanced diet,
Deficiency disorders of various nutrients, their prevention and
treatment.
17.
Communicable
diseases: The
causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention of
chicken
pox, measles, diphtheria, tuberculosis, malaria, poliomyelitis,
filariasis, rabies,
tetanus,
STD and AIDS.
18.
First Aid:
Emergency treatment
of shock, snakebite, burns, poisoning, fractures and
resuscitation
methods.
PRACTICALS
1.
Study of different systems with the help of models.
2.
Microscopic study of different tissues.
3.
Blood experiments: Enumeration of RBC and WBC, Haemoglobin
estimation, ESR, blood
group
determination, bleeding and clotting time, heart rate and blood
pressure recording.
4.
Identification of bones and points of identification.
5.
Health education – charts for various communicable diseases.
6.
Determination of vital capacity.
REFERENCES
1.
Best and Tailor’s “Physiological basis of Medical
Practice”.
2.
Guyton A.C. Hall J.E. Text book of Medical Physiology.
3.
Human Physiology by C.C. Chatterjee.
4.
Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology by Cyril A. Keek, Eric Neil
and Norman Joels.
5.
Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by J.E. Park and K. Park.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
32
1.4
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS
THEORY
1.
Matter,
Properties of Matter: State
of matter, Change in the state of matter, Latent heats,
vapour
pressure, Sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, Gases,
Aerosols-inhalers,
Relative
humidity, Liquid complexes, Liquid crystals, Glassy states,
Solid-crystalline,
Amorphous
and Polymorphism.
2.
Solutions:
Solubility, factors
affecting solubility, steady state diffusion, dissolution and drug
release,
diffusion principles in biological systems, isotonic solution and
calculations
involved.
3.
Colloids:
Introduction, types
of colloidal system, optical properties, kinetic properties,
electric
properties of colloids and solubilization.
4.
Coarse
Dispersion: Suspension,
interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in
suspensions,
formulation of suspensions, emulsions and theories of emulsification.
Physical
stability
of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of
emulsions, phase
equilibria
and emulsion formulation, special emulsion systems, semisolids and
gels.
5.
Surface and
Interfacial Phenomenon: Surface
tension and its determination. Classification
of
surfactants. Liquid interfaces, adsorption at liquid, solid
interfaces and electrical properties
of
interfaces.
6.
Kinetics: Rate
and orders of reaction. Influence of temperature and other factors on
rate,
decomposition
and stabilization of medicinal agents, kinetics in the solid state,
accelerated
stability
analysis and kinetics of drug transport in
vivo.
7.
Micromeritics:
Particle size and
size distribution, Methods of determining particle size,
particle
shape, surface area and pore size, derived properties of powders.
8.
Rheology:
Viscosity, Newtonian
and Non-Newtonian fluids, thixotropy, its application,
rheology
of disperse system and viscometers.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
33
9.
Complexation and
protein binding: Metal
complexes, organic molecular complexes,
inclusion
compounds, methods of analysis, protein binding, complexation and
drug action,
crystalline
structures of complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability
constants.
PRACTICALS
1.
Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and
surface area using various
methods
of particle size analysis.
2.
Determination of derived properties of powders like density,
porosity, compressibility, angle
of
repose, etc.
3.
Determination of surface/interfacial tension, HLB value and critical
micellar concentration
(CMC)
of surfactants.
4.
Study of rheological properties of various types of systems using
different viscometers.
5.
Study of different types of colloids and their properties.
6.
Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of
their sedimentation
parameters.
7.
Preparation and stability studies of emulsions.
8.
Studies on different types of complexes and determination of their
stability constants.
9.
Determination of half-life, rate constant and order of reaction.
10.
Preparation of pharmaceutical buffers and determination of buffer
capacity.
11.
Experiments involving tonicity adjustments.
REFERENCES
1.
Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin.
2.
Experimental Pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3.
Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn.
4.
Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculation, Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia.
5.
Liberman H.A., Riogor M.M, & Banker G. Pharmaceutical dosage
forms - Disperse systems,
Vol.1,
2 and 3 Marcel Dekker Inc, Ny.
6.
Liberman H.A, Lachman C. Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets,
Vol.1-3, Marcel Dekker
Inc.
7.
Physical Pharmaceutics by R. Manavalan and C. Ramasamy.
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34
SECOND
B.PHARMACY
2.1
BIOCHEMISTRY
THEORY
1.
Bioenergetics:
Digestion,
absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleoprotein.
The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy
from equilibrium
constant
and reduction potential. TCA cycle and its biological significance,
energetics of the TCA
cycle.
2.
Biochemical organization of the cell and transport process across
cell membrane.
3.
Enzymes: Nomenclature,
enzyme kinetics, classification and their properties, mechanism of
action,
enzyme induction and inhibition, coenzyme significance and enzymes of
clinical importance.
4.
Carbohydrates: Classification
and their properties. Starch, glycogen, dextrin, inulin, cellulose.
Metabolism
of carbohydrates – gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis.
Role of sugar in
nucleotide
biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway.
5.
Lipids: Classification
and properties, study of sterols, essential fatty acids, eicosanoids,
phospholipids,
sphingolipids, oxidation of fatty acids, á,â
- oxidation and
biosynthesis of ketone
bodies.
6.
Proteins and amino acids:
Classification and properties, biosynthesis of amino acids and
proteins,
Essential amino acids, metabolism of amino acids and proteins.
7.
Macromolecules: Physical
and chemical properties, structure of haemoglobin, immunoglobulins
and
nucleoprotein.
8.
Vitamins: Classification
and their properties, occurrence, functions, requirements, deficiency
manifestations
and role of vitamins as coenzyme.
9.
Hormones: Chemical
nature and properties. Biochemical functions of hormones.
10.
Nucleic acid and genetics: Brief
introduction to genetic organization of the mammalian
genome,
genetic code, nucleic acids and structure of DNA and RNA.
Biosynthesis of DNA and its
replication,
mutation, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Biosynthesis of RNA,
structure of t-RNA.
Brief
account on genetic engineering.
11.
Metabolism of Nitrogen containing monomers: Nitrogen
balance, Porphyrin biosynthesis,
formation
of bile pigments, hyper bilirubinaemia, purine biosynthesis and
pyrimidine biosynthesis.
12.
Mineral metabolism : Functions
and properties of minerals including metabolism – calcium,
phosphorous,
magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium and other trace elements.
B.Pharmacy
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13.
Nutrition: Principles
and nutritional significance of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in
major
food
stuffs. Functional tests of liver and kidney. Elementary basis of
biochemical mode of action of
drugs,
liposomal benzoxidation, biochemistry of urine and blood.
14.
Regulation of gene expression: Positive
and negative regulations, Operon concept, enhancers
and
silencers, fusion or chimeric genes.
PRACTICALS
1.
Preparation of standard buffer (nitrate, phosphate, carbonate and
measurement of pH).
2.
Experiments on amino acids by two-dimensional paper chromatography
and gel
electrophoresis.
3.
Separation of lipids by TLC.
4.
Quantitative estimation of amino acids.
5.
Quantitative estimation of proteins.
6.
Identification of C-terminal amino acids of proteins.
7.
Isolation and assay of glycogen from the liver and skeletal muscle of
rats.
8.
Isolation and determination of RNA and DNA.
9.
Estimation of blood glucose, blood cholesterol, SGPT and SGOT
activity.
10.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen by á
and â
amylase.
11.
Acid hydrolysis and action of salivary amylase on starch.
12.
Estimation of chloride, glucose, ammonia and creatinine in urine.
13.
Identification of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
14.
Identification of abnormal constituents of urine.
REFERENCES
1.
Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger.
2.
Harper’s Biochemistry.
3.
Biochemistry by Stryer.
4.
Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao.
5.
Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb.
6.
Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan.
7.
Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Phummer. (II
Edition)
B.Pharmacy
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8.
Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and
Ramakrishna.
9.
Handbook of practical Biochemistry by V.K. Malhotra.
10.
Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.
B.Pharmacy
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2.2
ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
THEORY
1.
Stereochemistry:
a)
Optical
isomerism:
Stereoisomerism,
Definition, Tetrahedral carbon, chirality, relative and absolute
configurations
and sequence rule. Conventions used in stereochemistry. Lexicon of
elements of
symmetry,
racemic modifications, properties, resolution of racemic
modifications and
conformational
analysis. Walden inversion and stereo mutation. Asymmetric synthesis,
stereospecific
and
stereo-selective synthesis.
b)
Geometrical
isomerism:
Nature,
rotation about a carbon-carbon double bond. Modern theory of double
bonds,
Nomenclature
of isomers and determination of configuration. Stereochemistry of
cyclic compounds.
c)
Stereochemistry
of Biphenyl compounds and Nitrogen compounds:
Walden
inversion, nature, factors affecting, mechanism of asymmetric
synthesis and
configuration
of Biphenyl molecules. Optical activity, Hybridisation of orbitals,
stereochemistry of
Nitrogen
compounds, amines and oximes.
2.
Synthetic tools:
Catalytic
hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, metal hydrate reduction. Reduction
with
hydrazine
and its derivatives, Birch reduction, Clemmenson’s reduction.
Meerwin - Pondroff
reduction,
oxidation with perchloric acid, lead tetra acetate, mercuric acetate
and selenium oxide.
Beckmann
rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Darzen’s reaction.
3.
Heterocyclic
chemistry:
Classification
of Heterocyclic compounds, nature and nomenclature. Preparation and
important
reactions of Pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole,
isoxazole, thiazole,
pyridine,
pyrimidine, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, phenothiazine,
azepines, Diazepines,
Quinolones
and Quinazolones.
B.Pharmacy
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4.
Chemistry of
Bio-molecules of Pharmaceutical importance:
a.
Proteins and
Amino acids: Classification
of Amino acids and proteins. General properties,
reaction
and preparation of amino acids, essential amino acids, peptide
linkage, geometry,
determination
of structure and synthesis of peptides. Structure and formation of
proteins.
b.
Terpenoids:
Classification,
general methods of determining the structure, chemistry and uses of
citral,
menthol, thymol, camphor, alpha-terpineol, alpha-pinene.
c.
Alkaloids:
Classification,
general methods of structural elucidation, chemistry and
pharmacological
activity of
i.
Atropine and related compounds
ii.
Quinine and quinidine
iii.
Reserpine
iv.
Morphine and related compounds
v.
Papaverine
vi.
Ephedrine
vii.
Ergot and
viii.
Vinca alkaloids
d.
Glycosides:
Basic ring system,
nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroid nucleus. Chemistry
of
Digitoxin, Digoxin, Lanatosides, Diosgenin and Sarasapogenin,
Hecogenin and Sennosides.
e.
Vitamins:
Chemistry and
medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of vitamin A, D, E, K, B1,
B2, B6,
B12
and Folic acid.
f.
Purines: A
brief account of chemistry and structural elucidation of uric acid,
caffeine,
theobromine
and theophylline.
g.
A brief account of chemistry and medicinal uses of Flavanoids, Taxol
and its derivatives,
podophyllotoxin
and its derivatives, Coumarin and Artemisinin.
PRACTICALS
1.
Synthesis of at least five compounds involving heterocyclic ring
systems.
2.
Exercise involving stereo selective synthesis of compounds.
3.
Resolution of racemic DL-alanine or any other example.
4.
Workshop on molecular modelling of elements of symmetry, optically
active compounds and
geometrical
isomers.
B.Pharmacy
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5.
Workshop on molecular modelling of primary, secondary and tertiary
structures of proteins.
Molecular
modelling on double helical structure of nucleic acid showing
hydrogen bonding.
6.
Qualitative analysis of mixture of organic compounds containing two
compounds – methods
of
separation and analysis.
7.
Determination of number of functional groups.
8.
Isolation, identification and quantitative analysis of certain
natural constituents.
REFERENCES
1.
Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd.
2.
Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar.
3.
Advanced Organic Chemistry by Jerry March.
4.
Stereochemistry of Carbon compounds by E.L. Eliel.
5.
Stereochemistry of Potapov.
6.
Roberts JD and Caserto MC, Basic Principles of Organic chemistry, WA
Benjamin Inc., New
York.
7.
Sykes P, A Guidebook to Mechanism in organic chemistry, Orient
Longman, New Delhi.
8.
Harkishan Singh and Kapoor V.K., Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Vallabh Prakashan,
Delhi.
9.
Vogel A.I., A textbook of practical organic chemistry. The English
language book society
and
Longman group limited, London.
10.
Gilchrist, T.L. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd
Edition, Pitman Publishing, London, 1985.
11.
David D. Davies, Aromatic Heterocyclic chemistry, Oxford chemistry
Primers.
12.
Phytochemical Methods – J.B. Harbone.
B.Pharmacy
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2.3
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
THEORY
PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
Introduction:
Importance of
quality control, computation of analytical results, significant
figure,
concept
of error, precision, accuracy, standard deviation, normal
distribution curve, calibration of
analytical
equipments, fundamental of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing
concentrations,
primary
and secondary standards.
1.
Neutralization
titrations: Acid-base
concepts, relative strength of acids and bases, ionisation,
law
of mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH,
Henderson–Hasselbalch
equation,
buffer solutions, theory of indicators, neutralization curves, choice
of indicators, mixed
and
universal indicators, titration of polyprotic system (Mixture of
acids), determination of
carbonates
and bicarbonates by titration.
2.
Non-aqueous
titrations: Theoretical
basis, types of solvents, scope, limitations, preparation and
standardization
of titrant solutions. Titration of weak acid, weak bases and
indicators.
Standardization
of perchloric acid, lithium and sodium methoxide, tetrabutyl ammonium
hydroxide.
3.
Precipitation
titrations: Principles
of precipitation titrations, solubility product, effect of acids,
temperature
and solvent on the solubility of precipitate. Argentimetric
titration, mercurimetric and
titration
involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, barium sulphate,
adsorption indicators, Gay
Lussac
stas’ method, Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method and
Fajan’s method.
4.
Complexometirc
titrations: Complexation,
chelation, Werner’s co-ordination number, stability
of
complexes, titration curves, importance of buffer, types of
complexometric titration, methods of
end
point detection. PM indicator, masking and demasking agents.
5.
Oxidation –
reduction titrations: Concepts
of oxidation–reduction, standard oxidation
potential,
Nernst equation, theory of redox titrations, redox indicators,
titrations involving cerric
ammonium
sulphate, potassium permanganate, titanous chloride,
sodium–2,6–dichlorophenol–
indophenol,
iodimetry, iodometry, preparation, standardization and titration.
6.
Gravimetric
analysis: Basic
concepts, precipitation techniques,
co-precipitation,
post-precipitation. Various steps involved in gravimetric analysis.
Pharmaceutical
application
eg: Determination of barium sulphate as barium chromate, calcium as
calcium oxalates,
Magnesium
as magnesium pyrophosphate and organic precipitants.
B.Pharmacy
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7.
Miscellaneous
methods: 1.
Diazotisation, 2. Kjeldhal method of nitrogen estimation, 3. Oxygen
Flask
combustion 4. Gasometry, 5. Analysis of oils, fats and waxes.
PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY
1.
Solutions: Ideal
and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative
properties, partition
coefficient,
Debye-Huckel theory.
2.
Thermodynamics:
Terminology of
thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics, internal
energy,
enthalpy of a system, relation between .H
and .E,
molar heat capacity, Joule – Thomson
effect,
Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas and Zeroeth law of
thermodynamics.
Second
law of thermodynamics: Need
for second law, spontaneous processes, concept of entropy,
statement
of second law of thermodynamics and Carnot cycle.
Change
in entropy for isothermal changes: Entropy
of vaporization, Trouton’s rule, hydrogen
bonding,
need for Gibb’s free energy and definition of free energy,
predicting spontaneity of
reaction,
equilibrium constant and Vant-hoff equation.
Third
law of thermodynamics: Definition,
Zero entropy, phase rule and its applications.
3.
Thermochemistry:
Enthalpy of
combustion, neutralization, solution, formation, precipitation,
Hess’s
law of constant heat of summation, bond energies and its application
in calorimetry, e.g.
Bomb
calorimeter.
4.
Adsorption:
Definition,
chemisorption, state of adsorbed molecule, factors influencing
adsorption,
types of adsorption isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir’s and
Gibb’s adsorption isotherms.
5.
Chemical
Kinetics: Rate of
reaction, order of reaction, molecularity of reaction, rate constant
or
velocity
constant, methods for determining the order of reaction, factors
affecting the rate of
chemical
reaction. Concept of activation energy, theories of reaction rates
and kinetics of complex
reactions.
6.
Quantum
mechanics: Postulates
of quantum mechanics, operations in quantum mechanics,
Schrodinger
wave equation.
PRACTICALS
PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY
1.
Behaviors of gases, kinetic theory of gases, deviation from behaviors
and explanation.
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2.
The liquid state physical properties – surface tension,
parachor, viscosity, rheochor,
refractive
index, optical rotation and chemical constitution.
3.
Experiment involving partition co-efficient.
4.
Determination of specific rotation of a compound.
5.
Determination of refractive index.
6.
Determination of acidity constant.
7.
Determination of molecular weight by Rast’s camphor method.
8.
Determination of equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction.
9.
Determination of order of reaction.
10.
Adsorption isotherm study.
11.
Determination of heat of neutralization.
12.
Preparation of any one buffer solution and verification of its pH.
PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
1.
Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric
apparatus.
2.
Preparation and standardization of volumetric solutions and assay of
official compounds
involving
Acidimetry, Alkalimetry, (including Non-aqueous titrimetry),
Permanganometry,
Ceriometry,
Iodimetry, Iodometry, Gravimetry and Complexometry. At least 10
primary
standard
solution to be prepared and used for 10 different assays strictly as
per IP’ 96.
REFERENCES
1.
Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry by A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake.
2.
Quantitative analysis by V. Alexysev.
3.
A textbook of Quantitative Analysis by A.L. Vogel.
4.
Indian Pharmacopoeia ’96.
5.
Physical chemistry by Bahl and Tuli.
6.
Elements of physical chemistry by P.W. Akkins.
7.
Principles of physical chemistry by B.R. Puri, I.R. Sharma and M.S.
Pathania.
8.
Physical pharmaceutics by R. Manavalan and C. Ramaswamy.
9.
Pharmaceutical Analysis by Parimoo.
10.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog, West and James Holler.
B.Pharmacy
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43
2.4
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
THEORY
1.
Materials of
Pharmaceutical Plant Construction: General
study of composition, corrosion,
resistance,
properties and applications of the materials of construction with
special reference to
stainless
steel and glass.
2.
Industrial
Hazards and Safety Precautions: Mechanical,
Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust
hazards,
Industrial dermatitis, Accident records, etc.
3.
Fluid Flow:
Types of flow,
Reynold’s number, Viscosity, Concepts of boundary layer, Basic
equation
of fluid flow, Valves, Flow meters, Manometers and Measurement of
flow and pressure.
4.
Filtration and
Centrifugation: Theory
of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters
including
filter press, rotary press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors
affecting filtration,
mathematical
problems on filtration, optimum-cleaning cycle in batch filters.
Principles of
centrifugation,
industrial centrifugal filters and centrifugal sedimenters.
5.
Crystallization:
Characters of
crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size and
factors
affecting them. Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material
and heat balances
around
Swenson Walker crystalliser, Super saturation theory, its
limitations, nucleation mechanism
and
crystal growth. Study of various types of crystallisers. Caking of
crystals and its prevention and
numerical
problems on yields.
6.
Dehumidification
and Humidity Control: Basic
concepts, definition, wet bulb and adiabatic
saturation
temperatures, psychometric chart and measurement of humidity,
application of humidity
measurement
in pharmacy. Equipments for dehumidification operations.
7.
Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning: Principle
and applications of refrigeration and air
conditioning.
8.
Heat Transfer:
Source of heat, heat
transfer, steam and electricity as heating media,
determination
of requirement of amount of steam / electrical energy, steam
pressure, Boiler capacity
and
Mathematical problems on heat transfer.
9.
Evaporation:
Basic concepts of
phase equilibrium, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators,
film
evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators and
Mathematical problems on
evaporation.
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10.
Distillation:
Raoult’s law,
phase diagrams, volatility, simple steam flash distillation,
principles
of
rectification, method for calculation of number of theoretical
plates, Azeotropic and extractive
distillation
and Mathematical problems of distillation.
11.
Drying: Moisture
content, mechanism of drying, rate of drying, time of drying,
calculations;
classification,
types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries, special
drying methods and
mathematical
problems on drying.
12.
Size reduction
and Size separation: Definition,
objective of size reduction, factors affecting
size
reduction, laws governing energy and power requirement of mills,
including ball mill, hammer
mill,
fluid energy mill, etc.
13.
Mixing: Theory
of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing
equipments.
REFERENCES
1.
Introduction to Chemical Engineering by Walter J. Badger.
2.
Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, S.J. Carter.
3.
Theory and practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman.
4.
Refrigeration and Air conditioning by L. Ballaney.
5.
Remington’s, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack
Publishing Co. Easton.
6.
MaCabe WL and Smith J.C. Unit operations of Chemical Engineering
McGraw Hill
International
Book Co. London.
7.
Parry R.H. and Chi Kon, C.H. Chemical Engineers Handbook of Kogakusha
Ltd.
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2.5
PHARMACY PRACTICE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
THEORY
PHARMACY
PRACTICE
1.
Prescription:
Handling of
prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in
dispensing
procedures including labelling of dispensed products.
2.
Pharmaceutical
calculations: Latin
terms used in prescription, posology, factors determining
doses
of drug, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly
patients; enlarging and reducing
recipes,
percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit,
isotonic solutions,
displacement
value, etc.
3.
Principles
involved and procedures adopted in dispensing: Typical
prescription like mixtures,
emulsions,
powders, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations,
mouthwashes, gargles,
douches,
paints, sprays and tablet triturates.
4.
Incompatibilities:
Physical, chemical
and therapeutic incompatibilities – definition, reasons and
correction
of incompatibilities, role of pharmacist in overcoming such
incompatibilities in
prescription.
Incompatibility of alkaloidal salts, barbiturates, salicylates,
iodides salts, gas
production
(chemical types), etc.
5.
Community
Pharmacy: Organization
and structure of retail and wholesale drug store, types and
design
of drug store, legal requirements for establishment and maintenance
of a drug store,
dispensing
of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail and whole
sale, patient
counselling,
role of pharmacist in community health care and education.
6.
Surgical
supplies: An account
of surgical dressing like primary wound dressing, absorbents,
bandage,
adhesive tapes, protectives, sutures and suture materials (method of
preparation are to be
avoided).
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1.
Basic principles
of Cell injury and Adaptation: Causes
of cellular injury, Pathogenesis and
morphology
of cell injury. Intercellular alterations in lipids, proteins and
carbohydrates, cellular
adaptation,
atrophy and hypertrophy.
Basic
mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair:
alteration in vascular
permeability
and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, acute and chronic
inflammation and mediators of
inflammation.
Brief outline of the process of repair.
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46
2.
Pathophysiology
of Common Diseases: Rheumatoid
arthritis, gout, epilepsy, psychosis, depression,
mania,
hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure (CHF),
atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction,
diabetes,
peptic ulcer, asthma, ulcerative colitis, hepatic disorders, acute
and chronic renal failure,
tuberculosis,
urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, anaemia and
common types of
neoplasm.
Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.
PRACTICALS
1.
Dispensing of prescription falling under the following categories:
Mixtures,
emulsions, powders, mouthwashes, gargles, douches, capsules, jellies,
lozenges, pills,
tablet
triturates, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints, etc.
2.
Identification of various types of incompatibilities in prescription,
correction thereof and
dispensing
of such prescriptions.
3.
Dispensing procedures involving pharmaceutical calculations, pricing
of prescriptions and dosage
calculations
for paediatric and geriartric patients.
REFERENCES
1.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (RPS).
2.
Cooper and Gunn’s., Dispensing for Pharmaceutical students by
S.J. Carter.
3.
Dispensing of Medication by Robert E. King.
4.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage form by H.C. Ansel.
5.
Goodman Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
6.
Hospital Pharmacy by William E. Hassan.
7.
A Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy by S.H. Merchant and J.S. Quadry.
8.
Best and Taylor’s Physiological basis of medical practice by
William and Wilkins, Baltimore.
9.
Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone.
10.
Guyton A, Hall J.E., Textbook of Medical Physiology, WB Saunders
Company.
11.
Parmar N.S. Health Education and Community Pharmacy, CBS Publishers.
12.
Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach, Dipiro, JL Elsevier.
13.
Robbins SL and Kumar V Basic Pathology, WB Saunders Company.
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2.6
BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
THEORY
BIOSTATISTICS
1.
Scope of statistical methods in Medicine and Pharmacy.
2.
Collection of data.
3.
Classification and tabulation of collected data.
4.
Visual aids, diagrams, charts and graphs.
5.
Measure of central tendency.
6.
Dispersion.
7.
Theory of sampling.
8.
Statistical inference.
9.
Regression and correlation.
10.
Probabilities.
COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
1.1
Introduction to
computers: Basic
components of computers, Types of computers,
characteristics
and hardware aspects of computer.
1.2
Operating
systems: Definition,
Types of operating systems, MS-DOS, UNIX, LINUX,
Memories:
RAM, ROM and secondary memory.
1.3
Languages of
computer
Introduction
to programming languages
Overview
of C, Introduction – Character set – C Token-Keyword,
Flowchart and Identifier’s-
Assigning
values to variables-Defining symbolic constants-Arithmetic,
Relational, Logical
Assignment,
conditional, Bitwise, special increment and decrement operators –
Reading and writing
a
character.
Decision
making and Branching – Decision making with IF statements
(simple IF statements,
IF-ELSE
statement, Nesting of IF-ELSE, the ELSE, IF Ladder)-Switch statement.
Decision
making and looping: Which statement - the Do statement – FOR
statement, Arrays
– String
handling functions – user defined functions.
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1.4
Computer
Packages: MS Office
– MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point – Advantages and
use.
1.5
Introduction to
Computer Networks: Definition,
LAN, WAN, Advantages. Internet, World
Wide
Web.
1.6
Computer
Graphics: Definition,
Display devices, Graphical input and output devices,
multimedia
– definition and application.
1.7
Computer applications in pharmaceutical and clinical studies.
PRACTICALS
Exercises
based on the following are to be dealt:
1.
Computer operating systems like UNIX, MS DOS, etc.
2.
Simple program in C.
3.
MS Office (MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Access, MS-Power point).
REFERENCES
1.
Statistical methods by S.P. Gupta.
2.
Statistics by Sancheti D.C., Kapoor V.K., Sultan Chand and son’s.
3.
E. Balaguruswamy – Programming in ANSI-C Tata Mc. Graw
Hill-1997.
4.
Byron Gottfield – Programming with C.
5.
C. Nellai Kannan – MS-office.
6.
Hunt N and Shelly J., Computers and commonsense, Prentice –
Hall of India, New Delhi.
7.
Popst and Perrum, Computer aided drug design, Academic Press, New
York.
8.
Writh, Systematic programming an introduction, prentice hall
Englewood Cliff’s New Jersey.
9.
Tanen Baum, computer networks.
10.
Rajaraman – FORTRAN.
B.Pharmacy
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THIRD
B. PHARMACY
3.1
PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
THEORY
1.
Definition, History, Present status, Future scope & development
of pharmacognosy
2.
Classification
of crude drugs: Alphabetical,
Biological, chemical, Pharmacological,
Taxonomical,
Chemotaxonomicial & Serotaxonomical.
3.
Cultivation,
Collection, Processing & Storage
A.
General principles of cultivation & collection of vegetable drugs
of commercial significance
from
wild & cultivated source.
B.
Advantages & disadvantages of cultivation.
C.
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, types of soils &
Fertilizers of common
use.
D.
Plant hormones & their applications.
E.
Polyploidy, Mutation & hybridization with special reference to
Medicinal plants.
F.
Processing, storage & preservation of crude drugs.
4.
Quality control
of crude drugs
Adulteration
of crude drugs & their detection by evaluation methods.
5.
Detailed study of crude drugs with emphasis on source, cultivation,
collection, preparation,
storage,
diagnostic characters (Macroscopic & Microscopic techniques
applicable), constituents,
chemical
tests, substitutes, adulterants & uses of:
a.
Carbohydrates
and their derived products:
Agar, Gum Acacia, Gum tragacanth,
Honey,
Isapgol, pectin, Starch.
b.
Tannins:
Gambier, Black
Catechu, Gall, Myrobalan, Pale catechu and Tannic acid.
c.
Lipids: Castor
oil, Shark liver oil, Wool fat, Beeswax, Neem oil, Cod liver oil and
Bran
oil.
d.
Proteins:
Gelatin and
Spirullina.
e.
Volatile oils:
Mentha, Coriander,
Cinnamon, Cassia, Caraway, Dill, Clove. Fennel,
Nutmeg,
Cardamom, Lemon grass oil, Eucalyptus and Sandalwood.
f.
Saponins:
Liquorice, Ginseng,
Dioscorea.
g.
Cardio active
sterols: Digitalis,
Squill and Strophanthus.
h.
Anthraquinone
cathartics: Aloes,
Senna, Rhubarb and Cascara.
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i.
Pyridine and
Piperidine alkaloids: Areca
and Lobelia.
j.
Tropane
alkaloids: Belladona,
Hyoscyamus, Datura, Aswagandha.
k.
Quinoline and
Isoquinoline alkaloids: Cinchona,
Ipecac and Opium
l.
Indole
alkaloids: Ergot,
Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Adathoda.
m.
Imidazole:
Pilocarpus.
n.
Steroidal:
Kurchi
o.
Alkaloidal
amines: Ephedra and
Colchicum.
p.
Glycoalkaloids:
Solanum species.
q.
Purines: Tea
r.
Resins:
Colophony, Cannabis,
Capsicum, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin, Balsam of Peru,
Asafoetida,
Turmeric and Ginger.
s.
Others: Gentian,
Saffron.
6.
Tumor
inhibitors: Taxol,
Vinca and Podophyllum
7.
Anti-hepatotoxic
and oral hypoglycemic agents:
Phyllanthus
niruri, Gymnema sylvestre.
8.
Plant fibres
used as surgical dressings:
Cotton,
Silk, Wool, Nylon, Rayon, Alginate dressing, Gelatin Sponge, Oxidized
cellulose.
Sutures
– surgical catguts and ligatures.
9.
Pharmaceutical
aids: Talc, Kaolin,
Bentonite, Gelatin and Natural colours.
10.
Studies of
traditional drugs: Common
vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology and
chemical
nature of chief constituents, pharmacology, common use and marketed
formulations of the
following
indigenous drugs.
Amla,
Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Rasna, Punarnava, Chitrack,
Aparnarg Gokhru,
Shankapuspi,
Brahmi, Arjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit,
Pyrethrum,
Lycopodium.
PRACTICALS
1.
Identification of crude drugs listed in theory (entire condition) by
Morphological characters.
B.Pharmacy
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2.
Microscopical studies of some selected drugs mentioned in theory:
Datura, Digitalis, Senna,
Vinca,
Cinchona, Cinnamon, Clove, Nuxvomica, Ephedra, Rauwolfia, Ipecac,
Ginger and
Liquorice.
3.
Microscopical studies of some selected powered drugs of single
component or mixture of two
components:
Datura, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Senna, Digitalis, Rauwolfia, Liquorice,
Ipecac,
Clove,
Nuxvomica and Rhubarb.
4.
Identification of unorganized drugs mentioned in theory by
Morphological characters and
chemical
tests.
5.
Microscopical measurements of cells and cell contents: Starch grains,
calcium oxalate crystals
and
phloem fibres.
6.
Determination of leaf constants i.e., stomatal index, stomatal
number, vein islet number, vein
termination
number and palisade ratio.
7.
Microscopical studies of crude drugs and their powders and of drug
containing volatile oils,
Fennel
and coriander.
8.
To do simple physical tests to identify the crude drugs and to detect
substitutes and
adulterants
as per I.P.
9.
Determination of percentage purity of the crude drugs.
REFERENCES
1.
Pharmacognosy: Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady, James E. Robgers.
2.
Textbook of Pharmacognosy – T.E. Wallis
3.
Study of crude drugs – Ed. 4-M.A. Iyengar
4.
A Textbook of Pharmacognosy – Shah and Quadry
5.
Anatomy of Crude drugs – M.A. Iyengar and Nayak
6.
Pharmacognosy of Powdered Crude drugs – Iyengar and Nayak
7.
Trease and Evans – Pharmacognosy – 14th
and 15th edition.
8.
Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology – James Robbers,
Marilyn K. Speedice and Varro
E.,
Tyler.
9.
Drug Plant Resources of Central Indian Inventory – Srivastava.
10.
Pharmacognosy – Ed. 3 – Kokate C.K, Purohit A.P, Gokhale
S.B.
11.
Practical Pharmacognosy by Rasheeduz Zafar and Neeraj Gandhi.
12.
Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate.
B.Pharmacy
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52
3.2
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - I
THEORY
I.
Basic Principles
of Medicinal Chemistry
A.
History and development of medicinal chemistry.
B.
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action:
Ionization,
Drug distribution and pKa values, hydrogen bonding, protein binding,
chelation,
isosterism,
optical and geometrical isomerism, steric effect, redox potential and
surface activity.
Types
of receptors, drug-receptor interaction including signal transduction
mechanism.
Drug
metabolism: General
pathways of drug metabolism (different types of reaction in phase-I
and
phase-II with examples), factors affecting drug metabolism including
stereo chemical
aspects,
significance of drug metabolism in medicinal chemistry.
Drug
latentiation and Prodrugs: Basic
concepts and application of prodrug design.
Study
of classification, mechanism of action (biochemical and molecular
basis), structure
activity
relationship including stereo chemical aspects, physiochemical
properties and
synthesis
of selected drugs (only drugs marked with asterisk) on the following
categories of
drugs.
II.
Drugs acting on CNS
A.
General
anaesthetics: Halothane*,
Methoxyflurane*, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Methohexital
sodium*,
Thiamylal sodium*, Thiopental sodium, Etomidate, Ketamine
hydrochloride*.
B.
Anxiolytics,
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Chlordiazepoxide*,
Diazepam*, Oxazepam,
Lorazepam,
Halazepam, Flurazepam, Alprazolam, Barbital*, Phenobarbital,
Mephobarbital,
Talbutal,
Secobarbital, Triclofos sodium*.
C.
Antipsychotics:
Chloropromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine,
hydrochloride,
Mesoridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride,
Prochlorperazine
maleate*,
Trifluoperazine hydrochloride, Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Lexapine
succinate,
Haloperidol,
Droperidol, Risperidone.
D.
Anticonvulsants
or antiepileptics: Phenytoin*,
Barbiturates, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin,
Trimethadione*,
Paramethadione, Phensuximide, Ethosuximide*, Phenacemide,
Carbamazepine*,
Primidone*, Valporic acid* and Clonazepam*.
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E.
CNS stimulants
and Psychedelics: Nikethamide*,
Doxapram hydrochloride*,
Dextroamphetamine
sulphate*, Pentylenetetrazole, Phenelzine sulphate, Pargyline
hydrochloride,
Amitriptyline hydrochloride*, Imipramine hydrochloride*, Desipramine
hydrochloride,
Doxepin hydrochloride*, Psilocybin and Psilocyn, Mescaline,
Phenyclidine
(PCP),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
III.
Drugs acting on ANS
A.
Adrenergic
Neurotransmitters: Structure
and physiochemical properties, biosynthesis and
metabolism.
B.
Sympathomimetic
agents: Adrenergic
receptor hypothesis, Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine,
Dopamine,
Phenylephrine*, Salbutamol*, Terbutaline*, Ephedrine*,
Pseudoephedrine*, Clonidine,
Methyldopa,
Isoproterenol, Salmeterol, Bitolterol, Ritodrine, Dobutamine,
Hydroxyamphetamine,
Propylhexadrine,
Metaraminol, Naphazoline, Tetrahydrazoline, Oxymetazoline and
Xylometazoline.
C.
Adrenergic
Antagonists: Tolazoline*,
Phentolamine*, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin,
Tetrazosin,
Doxazosin, Ergotamine, Methysergide, Propranolol*,
Dichloroisoproterenol, Practolol,
Metibranolol,
Acebutolol*, Atenolol*, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol*,
Labetolol and
Carvedilol.
D.
Cholinergic
receptors drugs and related agents: Cholinergic
receptors, biochemical effects of
muscarinic
stimulation, cholinergic neuro chemistry and stereochemistry of
cholinergics.
Acetylcholine*,
Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine, Physostigmine,
Neostigmine,
Pyridostigmine*,
Edrophonium chloride, Ambinonium chloride, Pralidoxime chloride,
Isofluorphate,
Echothiophate
iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
E.
Cholinergic
Blocking agents: Atropine
sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate, Scopolamine
hydrogen
bromide, Homatropine hydrogen bromide*, Ipratropium bromide*,
Tropicamide*,
Cyclopentolate
hydrochloride*, Clindinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*,
Glycopyrrolate,
Methantheline
bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Biperidine
hydrochloride,
Procylidine
hydrochloride* and Isopropamide iodide.
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F.
Ganglionic
blocking agents and Neuromuscular blockers: Nicotine,
Trimethaphan camsylate,
Mecamylamine
hydrochloride*, Tubocurarine chloride, Mectrocurine iodide, Galamine
triethiodide*,
Decamethonium bromide* and Pancuronium bromide.
IV.
Local Anaesthetics: Cocaine,
Hexycaine, Meprylcaine, Cyclomethycaine, Piperocaine,
Benzocaine*,
Butamben, Procaine*, Butacaine, Propoxycaine, Tetracaine, Benoxinate,
Lignocaine*,
Mepivacaine,
Prilocaine, Etidocaine, Phenacaine, Diperodon, Dibucaine* and
Dyclonine.
V.
Diuretics: Acetazolamide*,
Dichlorphenamide, Chlorthiazide*, Hydrochlorthiazide*,
Furosemide*,
Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Spironolactone, Triamterene*, Amiloride*
and
Mannitol.
VI.
Antihistaminic agents: H1,
H2 and H3 receptors. Termination of histamine action,
Diphenhydramine
hydrochloride*, Dimenhydrinate, Bromo diphenhydramine hydrochloride*,
Doxylamine
Succinate*, Carbinoxamine maleate*, Clemastine fumarate*,
Diphenylphyraline
hydrochloride,
Tripelenamine hydrochloride*, Pyrilamine maleate*, Cyclizine
hydrochloride*,
Chlorcyclizine
hydrochloride*, Meclizine hydrochloride*, Buclizine hydrochloride,
Pheniramine
maleate,
Chlorpheniramine maleate, Triprolidine hydrochloride*, Phenidamine
tartarate*,
Promethazine
hydrochloride*, Trimeprazine tartrate, Cyproheptadine hydrochloride*,
Azatidine
maleate,
Astemizole, Loratadine, Cetirizine, Acrivastine, Cromolyn sodium,
Cimetidine*,
Famotidine,
Ranitidine, Nizatidine, Omeprazole and Lansoprazole.
VII.
Prostaglandins and other Eicosanoids: Eicosanoids
biosynthesis. Drug action mediated by
eicosanoids,
design of eicosanoid drugs and eicosanoids approved for human
clinical use.
VIII.
Analgesics, antipyretics and anti-inflammatory drugs.
A.
Morphine and
related drugs:
Morphine sulphate, Codeine phosphate. Hydromorphone
hydrochloride,
Oxymorphone hydrochloride, Apomorphine hydrochloride, Meperidine
hydrochloride*,
Alphaprodine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate
hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone
hydrochloride*,
Propoxyphene
hydrochloride, Levorphanol tartarate, Pentazocine, Nalorphine
hydrochloride,
Levallorphan
tartarate and Naloxone hydrochloride.
B.
Anti-tussives:
Noscapine,
Dextromethorphan hydrogen bromide and Benzonatate.
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55
C.
Anti-inflammatory
agents: Sodium
salicylate, Aspirin, Indomethacin*, Sulindac, Salsalate*,
Tolmetin
sodium, Zomoperce sodium, Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen*,
Flurbiprofen,
Piroxicam*,
Acetaminophen, Phenylbutazone* and Oxyphenbutazone.
PRACTICALS
1.
Synthesis of selected compounds from the course content (10 drugs)
2.
Identification test including I.R. spectrum
3.
Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards for the drugs synthesised.
4.
Identification and estimation of drug metabolites from biological
fluids
(3
experiments).
REFERENCES
1.
Burger’s medicinal chemistry Vol I to IV.
2.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th
edition.
3.
Ashutoshkar’s Medicinal Chemistry.
4.
Medicinal Chemistry by Kadam Vol I and II.
5.
Medicinal Chemistry by W.A. Foye.
6.
Medicinal Chemistry Wilson and Giswold
7.
Indian Pharmacopoeia, ’96
B.Pharmacy
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3.3
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND COSMETIC TECHNOLOGY
THEORY
1.
Liquid Dosage
forms: Introduction,
types of additives used in formulations, vehicles,
stabilizers,
preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubiliser,
colours, flavours,
manufacturing,
packaging and evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions
official in
pharmacopoeia.
2.
Semisolid Dosage
Forms: Definition,
types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors
influencing
penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General formulation
of semisolids, clear
gels,
manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging.
3.
Suppositories:
Ideal requirements,
bases, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation.
4.
Extraction and
Galenical Products: Principle
and method of extraction, Preparation of
infusion,
tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts.
5.
Blood Products
and Plasma Substitutes: Collection,
processing and storage of whole human
blood,
concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human
thrombin, human
normal
immunoglobulin, human fibrin foam, plasma substitutes, ideal
requirements of PVP, dextran,
etc.
Control of blood products as per IP.
6.
Pharmaceutical
Aerosols: Definition,
propellants, general formulation, manufacturing,
packaging
methods and pharmaceutical applications.
7.
Ophthalmic
Preparations: Requirements,
formulation, methods of preparation, containers and
evaluation.
8.
Cosmeticology
and cosmetic preparation: Fundamentals
of cosmetic science. Structure and
functions
of skin and hair. Formulation, Evaluation, packaging of cosmetics for
skin, hair,
dentifrices
and manicure preparations, nail polish, lipsticks, eye lashes, baby
care products, etc.
PRACTICALS
I.
Preparation, evaluation and packaging of:
1.
Syrups
a)
Syrup IP
b)
Tolu syrup IP’66
c)
Parish syrup
d)
Syrup of Ferrous iodide
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57
e)
Any one commercially available cough syrup
2.
Eye Drops
a)
Chloramphenicol eye drops BP
b)
Zinc sulphate eye drops BP
c)
Ephedrine HCl eye drops BPC
3.
Ointments
a)
Simple ointment IP
b)
Sulphur ointment IP
c)
Cetrimide emulsifying ointment BPC
4.
Suppositories
a)
Indomethacin suppositories BP
b)
Aminophylline suppositories
c)
Iodoform suppositories
5.
Crude extracts
a)
Compound tincture of benzoin IP’ 66
b)
Tincture of orange IP’ 66
c)
Liquid tincture of liquorice BPC
II.
Formulation of various types of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentrifices
and manicure
preparations.
REFERENCES
1.
Ansel H.C., Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage forms, K.M.
Varghese and Co, Bombay.
2.
Aulton M.E., Pharmaceutics – The Science of Dosage form Design,
ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone.
3.
Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, CBS
publishers, Delhi.
4.
Carter S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy CBS
Publishers, Delhi.
5.
Remington’s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack
Publishing Co., Easton.
6.
Lea and Febiger Pharmaceutical Dosage form and Drug Delivery Systems,
Philadelphia.
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7.
Sagarin & Balsam M.S., Cosmetic Science and Technology, Vol-1-3.
2nd ed. John Wiley sons,
NY.
8.
Stoklosa MJ, Pharmaceutical calculation, Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.
9.
Thomssen S.G., Modern Cosmetics, Universal Publishing Corporation,
Bombay.
10.
Harry’s Cosmeticology.
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3.4
PHARMACOLOGY – I
THEORY
1.
General
Pharmacology: Introduction
to Pharmacology, Sources of drugs, dosage forms and
routes
of drug administration, mechanism of action of drugs. Combined effect
of drugs, factors
modifying
drug action, tolerance and dependence. Pharmacogenetics. Absorption,
Distribution,
Metabolism
and Excretion of drugs. Principles of basic and clinical
pharmacokinetics. Adverse
drug
reactions and treatment of Poisoning. Drug interactions, Bioassay of
drugs and biological
standardisation,
discovery and development of new drugs.
2.
Pharmacology of
Peripheral Nervous System:
a.
Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and Somatic).
b.
Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics,
Sympatholytics,
Adrenergic
receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglionic stimulants and
blocking
agents.
c.
Neuromuscular blocking agents.
d.
Local anaesthetic agents.
3.
Pharmacology of
Central Nervous System:
a.
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.
b.
General anaesthetics.
c.
Alcohols and disulfiram.
d.
Sedatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle
relaxants.
e.
Psychopharmacological agents: Anti-psychotics, antidepressants,
anti-maniacs and
hallucinogens.
f.
Anti-epileptic drugs.
g.
Anti-parkinsonism drugs.
h.
Analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs
i.
Narcotic analgesics and antagonists.
j.
C.N.S. stimulants.
k.
Drug addiction and drug abuse.
4.
Pharmacology of
Cardiovascular System
a.
Digitalis and cardiac glycosides.
b.
Anti-hypertensive drugs.
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c.
Anti-anginal and vasodilator drugs including calcium channel blockers
and betaadrenergic
antagonists.
d.
Anti-arrhythmic drugs.
e.
Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs.
f.
Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
5.
Drugs acting on
Urinary System
a.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
b.
Diuretics and Anti-diuretics.
6.
Drugs acting on
Respiratory system:
a.
Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators.
b.
Anti-tussives and expectorants.
c.
Respiratory stimulants.
PRACTICALS
1.
Common laboratory animals and anaesthetics used in animal studies.
Commonly used
instruments
in experimental pharmacology. Some common and standard techniques.
Bleeding and
intravenous
injection, intra-gastric administration, Procedures for rendering
animal unconscious and
chemical
euthanasia.
2.
Study of different routes of administration of drugs in mice/rats. To
study the effect of hepatic
microsomal
enzyme inhibitors and inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping time in
mice.
3.
Experiments on
central nervous system: Recording
of spontaneous motor activity, Stereotype
activity,
analgesic activity, anticonvulsant activity, anti-inflammatory
activity and muscle relaxant
activity
of drugs using simple experiments.
4.
Effect of autonomic drugs on rabbit’s eye.
5.
Statistical calculations in Pharmacology.
a.
Student’s - t test
b.
ANOVA
6.
Experiments based on computer models like Expharm.
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REFERENCES
1.
Rang, M.P, Dale M.M, Reter J.M-Pharmacology.
2.
Pharmacology and Therpeutics – Satoskar
3.
Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological basis of
therapeutics.
4.
Kulkarni S.K., Hand book of Experimental Pharmacology
5.
Chronopharmacology by B. Lammer.
6.
Topics of Molecular Pharmacology I & II by Nurger and Roberts
7.
Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi.
8.
Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar.
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3.5
HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY
THEORY
1.
Organisation and
structure: Organisation
of a hospital, hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of
a
hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee, Budget
preparation and
Implementation.
2.
Hospital
formulary: Contents,
preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
3.
Drug store
management and inventory control:
a.
Organisation of drug store, types of materials stocked and storage
conditions.
b.
Purchase and inventory control: Principles, Purchase procedures,
Purchase order,
Procurement
and Stocking.
4.
Drug
distribution system in Hospital:
a.
Outpatient dispensing and methods adopted.
b.
Dispensing of drugs to in-patients, types of drug distribution
systems, charging policy and
labelling.
c.
Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients.
d.
Dispensing of controlled drugs.
5.
Central sterile
supply unit and their management: Types
of materials for sterilization,
packing
of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments and
supply of sterile materials.
6.
Manufacture of
sterile and Non-sterile products: Policy
making of manufacturing items,
demand,
costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, master
formula card, production
control
and manufacturing records.
7.
Drug information
services: Drug
information centre, sources of information on drugs, disease
treatment
schedules, procurement of information, computerized services (e.g.
MEDLINE), retrieval
of
information and medication error.
8.
Records and
Reports: Prescription
filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on
drug
interaction and adverse drug reactions, idiosyncratic cases, etc.
9.
Nuclear
Pharmacy: Introduction
to Radiopharmaceuticals, radioactive half-life, units of
radioactivity.
Production of radiopharmaceuticals, methods of isotopic tagging,
preparation of
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radioisotopes
in laboratory using radiation dosimetry and radioisotope generators.
Permissible
radiation
dose level, radiation hazards, their prevention and specifications
for radioactive laboratory.
10.
Adverse drug
reactions: Classification,
excessive pharmacological effects, secondary
pharmacological
effects, idiosyncrasy, allergic drug reactions, genetically
determined toxicity,
toxicity
following sudden drug withdrawal, drug interactions, beneficial
interactions, adverse
interactions,
pharmacokinetic drug interactions and methods of detecting adverse
drug effects,
spontaneous
case reports and record linkage studies. Case control studies
specific examples:
Phenytoin
with phenothiazines and phenylbutazones, Anti-diabetics with
corticoseroids.
11.
Concept of medication history interviews, patient medication
counselling and ward pharmacy.
Barriers
and steps in counselling, dosage individualization and pharmacist
interventions.
12.
Role of Hospital Pharmacist in Educational and Training Programme:
Professional training for
student
pharmacy technicians, pharmacists and supporting staff. Public
awareness and continuing
education
programmes.
FIELD
WORK
1.
Posting to Pharmacy (drug stores) to know prescription handling,
dispensing, storage, record
keeping
and to know various companies and their brand names (8days / 4 week
ends). Submission
of
a report after the posting period is over.
2.
Posting to Hospital (Private or Government)
a.
To know purchasing procedures, storage, record keeping, pharmacy
service to in patients and
out
patients.
b.
To prepare a model hospital formulary.
c.
To go to wards along with doctors and nurses to know about drug
distribution
d.
Prescription charging, methods of suggesting dosage regimen, (8 days/
4 week ends).
After
the period of posting, submission of an assignment about whatever
drugs the candidate had
learned
in the hospital and their drug interactions with other drugs from
literature/reference books.
REFERENCES
1.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eighteenth edition.
2.
A textbook of Hospital Pharmacy by S.H. Merchant and J.S. Qadry.
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3.
Hospital Pharmacy by William E. Hassan.
4.
Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by
Sartaray Hiage.
5.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics concepts and Application by Malcom.
6.
A text book of clinical Pharmacy Practice-Essential concepts and
skills by G. Parthasarathy,
Karin
Nyfort-Hansen, Milap C. Nahara.
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3.6
FORENSIC PHARMACY AND PHARMACY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
THEORY
FORENSIC
PHARMACY
1.
Definition and scope of Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmacist’s role in
drug treatment, drug usage and
pharmacist
as a member of health care team.
2.
Pharmaceutical legislation in India: Historical development of
Pharmaceutical education in
India
and its present status, Professional ethics in Pharmacy practice,
legal and ethical
responsibilities
of Pharmacists.
3.
A detailed study and the understanding of the various act and rules
(as last amended) governing
the
Pharmaceutical Profession in India.
a.
Pharmacy Act 1948.
b.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
c.
Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance Act.
d.
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act 1955.
e.
Poisons Act and Rules 1919.
f.
New Drug Policy 1986.
g.
Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise duties) Act and Rules.
h.
Shops and Establishment Act.
i.
Essential Commodities Act.
j.
Drugs (Price Control) order 1995.
k.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act.
l.
Prevention of Cruelty of Animal Act 1960.
m.
Insecticide Act.
n.
Sales promotion employees (Condition of Service) Act.
o.
Patents Act.
PHARMACEUTICAL
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
1.
Concept of
Management: Administrative
management (Planning, Organizing, Staffing,
Directing
and Controlling), Entrepreneurship Development and Operative
Management, (Personnel,
Materials,
Production, Financial Marketing, Time/Space Margin / Morale).
Principles of
Management
(Co-ordination, Communication, Motivation, Decision-Making,
Leadership,
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Innovation,
Creativity, Delegation of Authority / Responsibility, Record
keeping), Identification of
key
points to give maximum thrust for development and perfection.
2.
Pharmaceutical
marketing: Functions,
buying, selling, transportation, storage, finance,
feedback,
information, channels of distribution, wholesale, retail departmental
store, multiple shops
and
mail order business.
3.
Salesmanship:
Principles of sales
promotion, advertising, ethics of sales merchandising,
literature,
detailing, recruitment, training, evaluation and compensation to the
pharmacist.
REFERENCES
1.
Handbook of Labour Laws by B.K. Buhr.
2.
Factories Act by Government of India Publications.
3.
Drugs and Pharmacy Laws in India by H.K. Bharathi.
4.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act / Rules by Govt. of India Publications.
5.
Medicinal and Toilet Preparations Act 1955 by Govt. of India
Publications.
6.
Laws of drugs by S.N. Katju.
7.
Forensic Pharmacy and Ethics by S.C. Mahajan.
8.
Laws relating to Drugs and Cosmetics by P.L. Malik.
9.
Handbook of Drug Law by M.L. Mehra.
10.
Forensic Pharmacy and Ethics by Mehta.
11.
Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy by M.M. Mithal.
12.
Forensic Pharmacy by B. Suresh.
13.
Forensic Pharmacy by B.S. Kuchekar.
14.
Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic substances Act by Govt. of India
Publications.
15.
Drug Control by P.K. Dutta.
16.
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules by The India Drug Manufacturers
Association
Publication.
17.
Dangerous Drugs Act 1930 by Govt. of India Publications.
18.
Drugs and Magic Remedies Act by Govt. of India Publications.
19.
Management by James A.F. Stoner.
20.
Statistics for Management by Richard I. Levin.
21.
Personnel Management by Arun Monappa.
22.
Business Organisation and Office Management by Santhosh Bushan.
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23.
Business Management by Dinker.
24.
Modern Business Correspondence by Lartside.
25.
Business Administration by Hall.
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FOURTH
B. PHARMACY
4.1
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
I.
Microbiology-Principles
and Practice
1.
Scope of Microbiology, Microbes of Medicinal interest, Microbes and
diseases.
2.
Classification of microbes: Bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa.
Their morphology, cell
organelles
and its functions. Methods of isolation and identification of
bacteria with emphasis to
staining
techniques and biochemical reactions. Bacterial counting methods.
3.
Growth and cultivation of bacteria, fungi and virus in different
culture media. Their nutritional
requirements
and environmental factors affecting their growth.
4.
Detailed study of different methods of sterilization including their
merits and demerits.
Sterilization
methods of all pharmaceutical products. Detailed study of sterility
testing of different
pharmaceutical
preparation.
5.
Disinfection: Study of disinfectants, antiseptics, fungicidal and
virucidal agents. Factors
affecting
their action and evaluation of bactericidal, bacteriostatic,
virucidal activities and evaluation
of
preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations.
6.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assays including
sensitivity testing with
reference
to antibiotics and vitamins.
II.
Microbial
Biotechnology
1.
Microbial genetics including transformation, transduction,
conjugation and transposable
elements.
2.
Microbial biotransformation, introduction, types of reactions
mediated by microorganisms,
biotransformation
of steroids and production of single cell protein.
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III.
Immunology and
Immuno Biotechnology
1.
Introduction, types of immunity, antigens and haptens,
Antigen-antibody reactions, complement
systems,
structure and functions of MHC, antigen recognition and presentation,
hypersensitivity
response,
immuno stimulation and suppression and Autoimmune disorders.
2.
Immunization –
Definition, types,
preparation, standardization and application of official
vaccines,
containerisation, storage conditions and stability of official
vaccines.
3.
Hybridoma
technology – Introduction,
techniques of production and purification of monoclonal
antibodies.
Application of monoclonal antibodies in clinical diagnosis and
pharmaceutical research.
Immuno
blotting techniques such as ELISA, Western blot, Southern blot and
Northern blot.
IV.
Molecular
Biology and Genetic Engineering
1.
Introduction to molecular biology, structure of DNA and RNA,
replication, transcription and
translation
processes.
2.
Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases, cloning
strategies and gene expression.
3.
Application of rDNA technology and genetic engineering in production
of below mentioned,
using
above techniques.
i)
Regulatory protein - Interferons
ii)
Vaccines - Hepatitis – B
iii)
Hormones - Insulin
V.
Bioprocess
technology
1.
Basic principles of fermentation, isolation and screening of
industrially important microbes.
2.
Study, design and operation of fermenter and study of different
parameters
3.
Bioprocess of following metabolites
i)
Organic solvents – Alcohol
ii)
Organic acids – Citric acid
iii)
Antibiotics – Penicillin, Griseofulvin
iv)
Vitamins – Vit B12
v)
Amino acids – Glutamic acid
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VI.
Enzyme biotechnology
Enzyme:
Introduction,
classification and uses. Techniques of immobilization, application,
biosensors
and their applications. Production of Amylase, Protease,
Streptokinase and
Penicillinase
by immobilization technique.
VII.
Animal Biotechnology:
Growth
of animal cells in culture, general procedure for maintenance of cell
culture, Medias
used,
primary and established cell culture and application of animal tissue
culture.
PRACTICALS
Microscopy
1.
Microscopic examination of stained preparation
2.
Microbial examination of living bacterial preparation
3.
Microscopic measurement of microorganism
Cultivation
techniques and isolation
4.
Preparation of various types of culture media
5.
Sub culturing of different microorganism by different methods like
Slants, Stabs, Culture
plates
and Isolation of pure culture by streak plate techniques, simple and
multiple streaking
techniques.
Staining
methods
6.
Simple staining, Gram staining, Acid-fast staining, Spore staining,
Capsule staining, Flagella
staining.
Minimum
inhibitory concentration of antibiotics
7.
By serial dilution and gradient plate techniques.
Microbial
assays
8.
Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins by one level and two
level assays
Standard
qualitative analysis of water
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9.
Presumptive test: Determination of the most probable number of
coliform bacteria, confirmed
test
and completed test.
Motility
study:
10.
Motility study on
microorganism by hanging drop technique.
Evaluation
of disinfectants
11.
Phenol co-efficient test.
Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology
12.
Isolation of plasmid and agarose electrophoresis.
13.
Isolation and
estimation of DNA by spectroscopy.
14.
Isolation and
estimation of RNA by spectroscopy.
15.
Isolation and
estimation of protein by spectroscopy.
16.
Sterility testing for pharmaceuticals (Powders, liquids).
17.
Immobilisation of whole cells.
REFERENCES
1.
Microbiology by Pelczar, Reid and Chan.
2.
Essential and applications of Microbiology by Judy Kandal.
3.
Microbial Genetics by David Freifeider.
4.
General Microbiology by R.Y. Stanier.
5.
Microbiology by Prescott.
6.
Textbook of Microbiology by Anathanarayanan and Panicker
7.
Immunology by Weir
8.
Immunology by Ivan Roitt.
9.
Microbiology – A laboratory manual by James G. Cappuchino
10.
Laboratory Microbiology by L. Jack Bradshaw.
11.
Practical Medical Microbiology – Mackie and Mc Cartney.
12.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Hugo and Russel.
13.
Textbook of Biotechnology by Vyas and Dixit.
14.
Textbook of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey.
15.
Principles of Gene Manipulation by S.B. Primrose
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16.
Textbook of Fermentation technology by Stanbury
17.
Industrial Microbiology by L.E. Casida
18.
Biochemical Engineering by Webb and Steel.
19.
Microbial Technology by Peppler Vol. I and II.
20.
Genes V and VI by Benjamin Lewin.
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4.2
FORMULATIVE PHARMACY AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS
THEORY
1.
Preformulation
studies:
a)
Study of physical properties of drugs like physical form, particle
size, shape, density,
wetting,
dielectric constant, solubility, dissolution, organoleptic property
and their effect on
formulation,
stability and bioavailability.
b)
Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation,
reduction racemisation,
polymerisation
etc. and their influence on formulation and stability of products.
c)
Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various
pharmaceutical products.
2.
Capsules:
Advantages and
disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard
gelatin
capsules, size of capsules and method of capsule filling. Soft
gelatin capsule, capsule shell
and
capsule content, importance of base absorption, minimum / gm factors
in soft capsules, quality
control,
stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.
3.
Micro-encapsulation:
Types of
microcapsules, importance of micro encapsulation in pharmacy,
micro
encapsulation by Co-acervation phase separation, multi-orifice
centrifugation, spray drying,
spray
congealing, polymerisation, air suspension technique, pan coating and
other techniques.
Evaluation
of microcapsules.
4.
Tablets
a)
Classification of different types of tablets, tablet excipients,
granulation technology on largescale
by
various techniques, physics of tablet making, different types of
tablet compression
machinery
and equipment employed, processing problems of tablets and evaluation
of
tablets.
b)
Coating of
tablets: Types of
coating, film-forming materials, formulation of coating
solution,
equipments for coating, film defects and evaluation of coated
tablets.
5.
Parenteral
products
a)
Preformulation factors, routes of administration, water for
injection, pyrogenicity, nonaqueous
vehicles,
isotonicity and methods of its adjustment.
b)
Formulation details, containers and closures and selection.
c)
Prefilling treatment, washing of containers and closures, preparation
of solution and
suspension,
filling and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion fluids,
lyophilisation and
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preparation
of sterile powders, equipment for large-scale manufacture and
evaluation of
parenteral
products.
d)
Aseptic Techniques: Source of contamination, methods of prevention,
design of aseptic area,
laminar
flow bench services and maintenance.
6.
Prolonged Action
Pharmaceuticals: Benefits,
limitations, oral products terminology, drug
elimination
rate, types and construction of products, evaluation, parenteral
products, absorption and
evaluation.
7.
Novel Drug
delivery systems: Transdermal
delivery systems, Osmotic drug delivery systems,
Liposomes.
8.
Bio-pharmaceutics
and Pharmacokinetics
a)
Bio-pharmaceutics:
Rate of drug
absorption after administration, drug concentration in blood,
biological
factors in drug absorption, physico-chemical factors, dosage form
consideration for
gastrointestinal
absorption, drug distribution, site seeking and drug elimination.
b)
Pharmacokinetics:
Compartment models,
a brief study of parameters like biological half life,
apparent
volumes of distribution, renal clearance, total body clearance,
absorption, elimination
rate
constants and significance of the data.
c)
Bioavailability
and bio-equivalency testing: Definitions,
dosage forms, dissolution rate and
bio-equivalency
testing.
PRACTICALS
Experiments
devised to study the formulation of dosage forms, stability testing
of formulated
dosage
forms, evaluation of dosage forms, evaluation of dosage form
necessities (additives) in the
stable
formulation of dosage forms, bioavailability testing and others to
illustrate topics mentioned in
theory.
REFERENCES
1.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets volume – 3 by Liberman and
Lachman
2.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Parenteral medications Vol-1, 2 by
Liberman and Lachman.
3.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Disperse systems Vol-1, by Liberman and
Lachman.
4.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (RPS).
5.
Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker and Gilberts.
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6.
Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman.
7.
Hard Capsules by Ridgway. K. Pharmaceutical Press, London.
8.
Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics by Milo Gibaldi.
9.
Novel Drug Delivery System by Y.W. Chein.
10.
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics –an introduction by
Robert. E. Notari.
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4.3
ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY
THEORY
1.
a. Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques
like Chromatography and
Electrophoresis
in the isolation, purification and identification of crude drugs.
b.
Application of spectroscopic methods in the evaluation of plant
constituents.
c.
Stability test for herbal extracts
d.
Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of
Biogenetic studies.
2.
Enzyme
Biotechnology
Introduction,
General methods of isolation, purification, enzyme reactors and
applications of
immobilized
enzymes in drug analysis.
Biological
sources, methods of separation, chemical nature and uses of:
a.
Papain b. Diastase c. Pepsin
d.
Trypsin e. Pancreatin f. Urokinase
g.
Hyaluronidase h. Asparaginase i. Pectinase.
3.
Plant tissue
culture:
Historical
development, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and
their
maintenance,
applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacy and pharmacognosy,
cloning and
propagation.
4.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved
in work on medicinal and
aromatic
plants in India, Industrial production and utilization of
phytoconstituents, i.e. Sennosides,
Cardiac
glycosides, Vinca, Menthol, Quinine, Citric acid, Podophyllotoxin,
Diosgenin, Solasodine
and
Tropane alkaloids.
5.
Natural
allergens: Allergenic
preparations, hallucinogenic, teratogenic and other toxic plants.
•
Natural allergens,
photosensitizing and fungal toxins.
•
Classification of allergens.
•
Preparation of allergenic
extracts.
•
Sensitivity testing and
treatment of allergy.
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6.
Herbal
preparations (Herbal cosmetics)
•
Preparation of total extracts,
exudates and tinctures.
•
WHO guidelines for the
assessment of herbal medicines.
•
Study of different methods used
for standardization with special reference to HPLC and
HPTLC.
•
Estimation of heavy metals (Mg,
Cu, Zn, As, etc) in herbal preparations.
•
Importance of pharmacognosy in
herbal drug industry.
7.
Basic principles
involved in the alternative system of medicine.
•
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and
Homeopathy.
•
Preparation and standardization
of Ayurvedic formulations i.e., Aristas, Asawas, Gutikas,
Churnas,
Lehyas and Bhasmas.
•
The holistic concept of drug
administration of traditional system of medicine.
8.
Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in India, importance and status
of herbal medicines and
cosmetics.
Export potential of medicinal and aromatic plants from India.
9.
Antibiotics and
Antiviral drugs
•
Biosynthesis of Penicillin.
•
Amino glycosides: Biosynthesis
of streptomycin.
•
Polypeptide: Lincosamid
biosynthesis – Minor.
•
Cytotoxic: Rifamycin.
•
Antiviral drugs.
•
Plant constituents with
Anti-HIV activity.
10.
Introduction to plant physiology and plant biochemistry with special
reference to basic
metabolic
pathways. Introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites like
Atropine, Morphine
and
Steroidal glycosides.
PRACTICALS
1.
Monograph
exercise as per I.P.
a)
Castor oil.
b)
Shark liver oil.
c)
Honey.
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2.
Exercise
involving isolation of active principles
a)
Caffeine – from tea dust.
b)
Quinine – from Cinchona bark.
c)
Citric acid – from Lemon.
d)
Casein – from Milk.
e)
Starch – from Potato.
3.
Marine
Pharmacognosy
Biologically
active components from marine organisms.
4.
Nutraceuticals
5.
Chemical Assays
-
Aldehyde content of volatile oil.
-
Ester value of fixed oil.
-
Phenol content of volatile oil.
-
Alkaloidal assay of belladonna leaf.
-
Eugenol content of clove oil.
-
Cineole content of eucalyptus oil.
6.
Physical
evaluation of powdered drugs
-
Determination of Moisture content (Loss of drying).
-
Extractive values.
-
Ash values.
-
Swelling factors.
7.
Demonstration of experiments in plant tissue culture.
8.
Extraction of volatile oils.
9.
Identification of natural products using TLC and paper
chromatographic profiles.
10.
Preparation and standardization of Ayurvedic formulations.
11.
Preparation and standardization of herbal extracts.
12.
Preparation of herbal cosmetics.
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13.
Herbal allergenic preparations.
14.
Demonstration of experiments in column chromatography.
15.
Isolation of a plant enzyme.
REFERENCES
1.
The formulation and preparation of cosmetics, fragrances and
flavours.
2.
Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans 15th
Edition.
3.
Biochemistry – Harold Varley.
4.
Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans – 14th
edition.
5.
Herbal Drug Industry R.D. Chowdary.
6.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
7.
WHO Guidelines – Website. http:/www/who.int/druginformation
8.
Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology – 10th
edition, James Robbers Mary Lyn., K
Speedy
and Varro, E. Tylor.
9.
Standardisation of Botanicals.
10.
Quality control herbal drugs –Pulok K. Mukherjee.
11.
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I Edition, Vol I and II by Vinod. D.
Rangari.
12.
Practical Pharmacognosy, III Edition, C.K. Kokate.
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4.4
PHARMACOLOGY – II
THEORY
1.
Drugs acting on
the Gastrointestinal Tract:
a.
Antacids, anti-secretory and anti-ulcer drugs.
b.
Laxatives and Anti-diarrhoeal drugs.
c.
Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
d.
Emetics and anti-emetics.
2.
Pharmacology of
Endocrine system:
a)
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.
b)
Thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs, Parathormone, Calcitonin and
Vitamin D.
c)
Insulin, Oral hypoglycaemic agents and glucagon.
d)
ACTH and corticosteroids.
e)
Androgens and anabolic steroids
f)
Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives.
g)
Drugs acting on the uterus.
3.
Chemotherapy:
a)
General principles of chemotherapy.
b)
Sulfonamides and co-trimoxazole.
c)
Antibiotics – Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol,
Erythromycin, Quinolones and
miscellaneous
antibiotics.
d)
Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral
diseases, urinary tract
infections
and sexually transmitted diseases.
e)
Chemotherapy of malignancy and immuno suppressive agents.
4.
Drugs acting on
the Haemopoietic system:
a.
Haematinics.
b.
Anticoagulants, vitamin K and haemostatic agents.
c.
Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs.
d.
Blood plasma volume expanders.
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5.
Autocoids:
a.
Histamine, 5-HT and their antagonists.
b.
Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes.
c.
Pentagastrin, Cholecystokinin, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance
P.
6.
Principles of
Toxicology:
a.
Definition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning.
b.
Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.
c.
Definition for acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity, genotoxicity,
carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity
and mutagenicity studies.
7.
Molecular
Pharmacology:
a.
Various neurotransmitters and receptors involved in signal
transduction with special reference
to
CNS.
b.
G-protein coupled receptors and their mechanism of action.
8.
Chronopharmacology:
Definition
of rhythms and cycles. Biological clock and their significance
leading to
chronotherapy.
9.
Clinical
Pharmacology:
Clinical
trials, design of clinical trials and testing of drugs in human.
10.
Immunopharmacology:
Immunostimulants,
immunosuppressants and Anti-AIDS drugs.
PRACTICALS
1.
Experiments on
isolated preparations:
a.
To calculate the pA2 value
of Atropine using Acetylcholine as an agonist on rat ileum
preparation.
b.
To calculate the pA2 value
of Mepyramine or Chlorpheniramine using Histamine as agonist on
guinea
pig ileum.
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c.
To estimate the strength of the test sample of agonist / drug (e.g.
Acetylcholine, Histamine, 5-
HT,
Oxytocin, etc) using a suitable isolated muscle preparation employing
matching bioassay,
interpolation
bioassay, three point bioassay and four point bioassay.
d.
To record the CRC of 5-HT on rat fundus preparation.
e.
To record the CRC of nor-adrenaline on rat anococcygeus muscle
preparation.
2.
Pharmacology of
Gastro intestinal tract:
To
study the Anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligated rats.
3.
Estimation of bioavailability parameters viz AUC, Tmax, Kel
from blood and urine samples in
human
volunteers or in laboratory animals.
REFERENCES
1.
Craig C.R. and Stitzel R.R. Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown and
Company, 1994.
2.
Ghosh M. N, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific
Book Agency, Calcutta.
3.
Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall
International.
4.
Laurence, D.R. and Bennet P.N, Clinical Pharmacology, Churchill
Livingstone
5.
Mycek M.J., Gerlnet S.B and Perper M.M. Pharmacology, Lippincott’s
Illustrated Reviews,
Lipincott
Company, Philadelphia.
6.
Rang M.P. Dale M.M, Reter J.M. Pharmacology.
7.
Pharmacology and Therapeutics – Satoskar.
8.
Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological basis of
Therapeutics.
9.
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni.
10.
Chronopharmacology by B. Lammer.
11.
Topics of Molecular Pharmacology I and II by Nurger and Roberts.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
83
4.5
MODERN METHODS OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
THEORY
Theoretical
consideration and application in drug analysis and quality control of
the following
analytical
techniques.
1.
Chromatography
i.
Column
chromatography: Adsorption
and Partition theory, preparation, procedure and
methods
of detection.
ii.
Thin layer
chromatography: Theoretical
consideration, preparation, procedure and
detection
of compounds.
iii.
Paper
chromatography: Theory
of partition, different techniques employed and
different
grades of papers used, quantitative and qualitative detection.
iv.
Gas
Chromatography: Introduction,
fundamentals of column operation and detection.
v.
Ion Exchangers:
Types of exchangers,
mechanism of ion exchange and column
operation.
vi.
Counter current extraction, ultra centrifugation and gel filtration.
vii.
HPLC and HPTLC.
2.
Potentiometric
titrations: Introduction,
Electrochemical cells, half-cells, electrodes,
measurement
of potential and application in pharmaceutical analysis.
3.
Conductometric
titrations: Basic
concepts, different types of conductometric titrations,
apparatus
used and applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis.
4.
Colorimetry:
Titrations, Basic
Concepts and Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis.
5.
Polarography:
Basic concept,
theoretical considerations, Basic instrumentation, apparatus,
principles,
general polarography analysis and applications in pharmaceutical
analysis.
6.
Amperometry:
Amperometric
titrations with one polarized electrode, general procedure,
titration
curves and applications.
7.
Electrophoresis:
Principle,
instrumentation and application.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
84
8.
Turbidimetry and
Nephelometry: Theory
of light scattering, Nephelometry, Turbidimetry for
Practical
Analysis of dispersions, study of the working principles of
instrument used for analysis and
applications
in Pharmacy.
9.
Theoretical
aspects, basic instrumentation, elements of interpretation of spectra
and
applications
of the following analytical techniques should be discussed.
a.
UV and Visible Spectrophotometry.
b.
Fluorimetry.
c.
Infrared Spectrophotometry.
d.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy including 13C-NMR.
e.
Mass Spectrometry.
f.
Flame Photometry.
g.
Emission Spectroscopy.
h.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
i.
X-ray diffraction.
j.
Radio Immuno Assay.
10.
Quality
Assurance
a.
GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review, quality documentation and
International Conference
of
Harmonization (ICH).
b.
Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis and interpretation of
analytical data.
c.
Validation, quality audit, quality of equipment, validation of
equipment and validation of
analytical
procedures.
PRACTICALS
1.
Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.
2.
Exercises involving Nephelo-turbidimeter, colorimeter,
spectrophotometer, refractometer,
polarimeter,
flamephotometer, pH meter and fluorimeter, conductometric,
potentiometric,
polarographic,
amperometric titrations.
3.
IR of samples with different functional groups
4.
Workshop to interpret the structure of simple organic compounds using
UV, IR, NMR and MS.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
85
REFERENCES
1.
How to practice GMP – A Plant for total quality control by P.P.
Sharma.
2.
Pharmaceutical process validation by Ira. R. Berry and Robert A.
Nash.
3.
Practical Pharmaceutical Analysis by Beckett and Stenlake.
4.
Organic Spectroscopy by Y.R. Sharma.
5.
Instrumental methods of analysis by Gurdeep Chatwal.
6.
Spectroscopy by William Kemp.
7.
Textbook of Chemical Analysis A.J. Vogel.
8.
Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis by K.A. Connors.
9.
Indian Pharmacopoeia ’96, Vol I and II.
10.
Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by R.M.
Silverstein, John Wiley and Sons
Inc.
11.
Quantitative analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations by P.D.
Seth.
12.
Analytical Chemistry by Garry Christian.
13.
Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds by John
R. Dyer.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
86
4.6
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - II
THEORY:
I.
Principles of
drug design:
Traditional
analog, Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) and
mechanism based
approaches.
A brief introduction to graph theory, application of mechanism based
approaches.
Application
of quantum mechanics, computer aided drug designing (CADD) and
molecular
modelling.
Classification,
mode of action (biochemical and molecular basis wherever applicable)
structure
activity relationship including physiochemical and stereo chemical
properties and
synthesis
of selected drugs (Drugs marked with asterisk only) in the following
categories.
II.
Anti-infective
agents:
A.
Local
Anti-infective Agents: Ethyl
alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol, Formaldehyde, Sodium
glutaraldehyde
solution, Liquefied phenol, Hexachlorophene*, Eugenol, Hexyl
resorcinol,
Anthralin,
Hydrous benzoylperoxide, Halazone*, Benzalkonium chloride*,
Methylbenzethorium
chloride*, Cetylpyridinium chloride, Chlorhexidine gluconate*,
Gentian
violet,
Methylene blue, Thiomersal, Methyl paraben and Sodium benzoate.
B.
Anti-Fungal
Agents: Clotrimazole,
Econoazole nitrate, Butoconazole, Oxyconazole nitrate,
Tioconozole,
Miconazole*, Ketoconazole*, Terconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole,
Naftifine
hydrochloride,
Tolnaftate*, Cyclopiroxolamine, Amphotericin-B, Nystatin, Natamycin
and
Griseofulvin.
C.
Synthetic
Antibacterial Agents: Nalidixic
Acid*, Cinoxacin, Norfloxacin, Enoxacin,
Ciprofloxacin,
Ofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Furazolidine, Nitrofurantoin*
and
Methanamine.
D.
Anti-tubercular
Agents: INH*,
Ethionamide, Pyrazinamide, Para amino salicylic acid*,
Rifampicin,
Rifabutin, Cycloserine* and Sterile capreomycin sulphate.
E.
Anti-protozoal
Agents: Metronidazole*,
Diloxanide*, Iodoquinol, Pentamidine Isethionate,
Atovaquone,
Eflornithine, Dimercaprol*,
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
87
F.
Anthelmintics:
Piperazine salts*,
DEC*, Thiabendazole*, Mebendazole*, Albendazole,
Niclosamide,
Oxamniquine, Praziquantal and Ivermectin.
G.
Anti-scabious
and Anti-pedicular Agents: Benzyl
Benzoate*, Lindane* (Gamaxene),
Crotamiton*
and Permethrin.
III.
Sulphonamides and Sulphones:
Historical
development, chemistry and nomenclature, reducing crystalluria by
lowering pKa,
synergism
of sulfonamides and folate reductase inhibitors, sulphamethizole*,
sulfisoxazole,
sulphamethizine,
sulfacetamide sodium*, sulphapyridine, sulfamethoxaole*,
sulphadiazine, mixed
sulfonamides,
mefenide acetate, silver sulfadiazine*, sulfasalazine, dapsone* and
solapsone.
IV.
Antimalarials:
History
and development of Quinine sulphate, Chloroquine phosphate*, Hydroxy
chloroquine
sulphate,
Amodiaquine hydrochloride*, Primaquine phosphate, Quinacrine
hydrochloride,
Mefloquine,
Pyrimethamine, Trimethoprim, Cycloguanil pamoate and Sulfadoxine.
V.
Antibiotics:
History,
background, current status of
a.
Penicillins and Cephalosporins.
b.
Aminoglycosides.
c.
Tetracyclines.
d.
Macrolides.
e.
Lincomycins.
f.
Polypeptides.
g.
Unclassified
antibiotics: Chloramphenicol*
and its prodrugs, Novobiocin sodium and
Mupirocin.
VI.
Antiviral
agents:
Amantadine
hydrochloride, Rimantadine hydrochloride, Idoxuridine trifluoride,
Acyclovir*,
Gancyclovir,
Foscarnet sodium, Zidovudine, Didanosine, Zalcitabine, Lamivudine,
Ribavirin,
Saquinavir,
Indinavir and Ritonavir.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
88
VII.
Anti-neoplastic
agents:
Meclorethamine,
Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Busulfan, Thiotepa,
Procarbazine,
Mercaptopurine*, Thioguanine, Fluorouracil, Floxuridine, Cytarabine,
Methotrexate*,
Azathioprine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Doxorubicin
hydrochloride,
Idarubicin hydrochloride, Bleomycin sulphate, Mitomycin, Plicamycin,
Etoposide,
Vinblastin sulphate, Vincristin sulphate, Cisplatin, Hydroxy urea,
Pipobroman,
Mitotane
and Fromostanolone propionate.
VIII.
Drugs acting on
CVS:
A.
Anti-anginal:
Vasodilators and Cardiotonics: Amylnitrate, Nitroglycerin*,
Pentaerythritol
tetranitrate,
Isosorbide dinitrate*, Verapamil, Diltiazem hydrochloride,
Nifedipine,
Amlodipine,
Bepridil hydrochloride, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Dipyridamole,
Digoxin,
Digitoxin,
Deslanoside.
B.
Anti-arrythmic
Drugs: Quinidine
sulphate, Procainamide hydrochloride, Disopyramide
phosphate*,
Lidocaine hydrochloride, Phenytoin sodium.
C.
Anti-hypertensive
Agents: Captopril,
Lisinopril, Enalapril, Benzapril hydrochloride,
Quinapril
hydrochloride, Reserpine, Guanethidine monosulphate*, Methyldopate
hydrochloride*,
Clonidine hydrochloride, Hydralazine hydrochloride, Sodium
nitroprusside,
Diazoxide,
Minoxidil.
D.
Anti-hyperlipidemic
agents: Clofibrate,
Dextrothyroxine sodium, Cholestyramine resin,
Niacin,
Probucol.
E.
Anti-coagulants
and anti-thrombolytics:
Protamine sulphate, Dicoumarol, Warfarin
sodium,
Anisindione.
IX.
Hormones and
related drugs:
a.
Insulin and its preparation, hypoglycemic agents.
b.
Synthetic hypoglycemic agents.
c.
Oxytocin and vasopressin.
d.
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs.
B.Pharmacy
Syllabus and Regulations 2004-2005
89
X.
Steroids and
related drugs
Glucocorticoids,
Mineralocorticoids, Oesterogens, Progestrogens, Androgens, Chemistry
of
natural
hormones and synthetic derivatives including contraceptives.
XI.
Diagnostic drugs and reagents:
Congo
Red, Evans Blue, Methacoline Chloride, Erythrosine Sodium, Benzyl
Penicilloyl poly
lysine,
Locetamide acid, Lodipamide meglumine, Tyropanoate sodium,
Pentagastrin, Phenol
sulphophthalein,
Indocyanin Green, Fluorescein sodium, Bentiromite, Diatrizoic acid,
Lotalamic
acid,
Propyl iodone.
XII
Brief
Introduction to Combinatorial Chemistry
PRACTICALS
1.
Synthesis of selected drugs from course content involving two or more
steps of synthesis and
study
spectral analysis of drug synthesized (at least 8 drugs).
2.
Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of drugs synthesized.
3.
Determination of partition co-efficient, dissociation constant and
molar refractivity of
compounds
for QSAR analysis (at least 3 experiments).
REFERENCES
1.
Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
2.
Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th
edition.
3.
Ashutoshkar’s, Medicinal Chemistry.
4.
Medicinal Chemistry by Kadam, Vol I and II
5.
Medicinal Chemistry, W.A. Foye.
6.
Medicinal Chemistry, Wilson and Giswold.
7.
Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8.
The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
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